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BREEDING, 

Training,    Management 


AND 


DISEASES 


OF    THE 


AND   OTHER 

DOMESTIC    ANIMALS, 

With  Ninely-Five  Illustrations. 

BY- 

J.  M.  1  EARD,  M.R.C.V.S.V 

Late  Professor  of  'Veterinary  Surgery  in  the  New   York    College  ojr] 
Veterinary  Surgeons  ;  Member  of  the  New   York  Academy  of         / 
Comparative  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

Author  of  "Horse  Shoeing.  Past  and  Present,"  "How  to  tell  the  Age  of  a  Horse,,: 
'*  Chart  for  Horse  Owners,"  etc. 

PUBLISHED    BY  THE    AUTHOR. 

NEW  YORK,  1893. 


^ 

*.** 


COPYEIGHT,    1893, 
BY 

DR.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.K.C.V.S. 


//*K 


PREFACE. 

II LTHOUGH  there  is  no  dearth  of  books  which  treat 
*|  on  the  subjects  contained  in  this  little  volume  they 
are,  for  the  most  part,  so  expensive  as  to  be  out  of  the 
reach  of  the  average  American  farmer,  who  must,  after 
all,  when  considered  in  the  aggregate,  do  the  great 
bulk  of  breeding,  and  they  must  necessarily  be  the  own- 
ers of  a  vast  majority  of  the  domestic  animals  contained 
in  the  whole  country. 

Again ;  they  treat,  for  the  most  part,  on  special  cub- 
jects  and,  therefore,  contain  a  great  deal  of  matter  that 
is  useless  and  not  clearly  understood  by  the  average 
stockowner.  Neither  has  he  the  time  to  devote  to  a 
complete  and  detailed  study  of  each  of  the  subjects 
treated  in  this  work,  ^j.  will  o1ar>  be  found  that  most 


books  on  Breeding  fflHMHI  KaBJp mals  that  are 
•  CU-Berkeley 

268435 


PREFACE. 


written  in  plain,  every-day  language  are  very  ancient 
and,  therefore,  have  not  the  information  contained  in 
modern  books,  which  may  be  based  on  the  vast  ad- 
vance which  has  been  made  in  scientific  breeding,  and 
on  the  great  discoveries  which  have  been  recently  made 
in  medicine  and  surgery. 

It  has  been  my  aim  to  give  the  average  stockowner 
the  information  that  he  must  necessarily  be  continually 
seeking,  in  language  so  plain,  that  any  common  school- 
boy can  understand  it.  I  have,  therefore,  avoided  tech- 
nical terms  wherever  possible. 

Another  reason  which  has  impelled  me  to  arrarge  a 
book  relating  to  diseases  of  animals,  is  the  fact  that  in 
a  large  extent  of  our  country,  the  services  of  an  educa- 
ted Veterinarian  are  difficult  to  obtain  by  the  average 
stockowner  who  resides,  for  the  most  part,  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  large  towns,  and  even  when  ob- 
tainable, it  will  be  only  at  a  considerable  expense,  be- 
sides the  loss  of  valuable  time  in  checking  serious  dis- 
ease and  thereby  avoiding  a  part  of  the  losses  which  in 
the  aggregate,  are  enormous.     A  recent  bulletin  issued 


PREFACE. 


by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  placing  the  annual 
loss  of  live  stock  in  the  United  States  by  disease,  at 
more  than  $100,000,000,  From  experience,  I  am  sure 
that  a  large  part  of  this  immense  loss  can  be  avoided, 
and  it  has  been  my  aim  to  give  the  necessary  advice 
which  will  eventually  lead  to  the  saving  of  a  very  large 
percentage  of  the  domestic  animals  which  at  present 
die  from  preventable  or  curable  diseases. 

The  insertion  of  the  section  relating  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  medicines,  with  an  alphabetical  table  of  dis- 
eases and  their  remedies  and  the  table  relating  to  medi- 
cines and  their  doses  was  suggested  to  me  by  Dr.  J.  A. 
Breakall,  for  which  I  thank  him.  My  brother,  Dr.  A. 
M.  Heard,  has  also  rendered  valuable  aid  in  many  ways 
which  I  cannot  here  specify.  I  also  thank  Mr.  George 
Kittredge  for  the  interest  he  has  taken  in  making  the 
drawings  for  several  of  the  illustrations,  and  Messrs. 
Clarke  and  Richardson,  for  the  loan  of  valuable  cuts. 

J.   M.    HEARD,   M.  R.  C.  V.  S. 

NEW  YORK  CITY. 


Copies   of   this   Book: 

may  be  ordered  through  any 

PUBLISHER,  BOOKSELLER 


or 


NEWSDEALER 


in  the 

UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 

or  will  be  sent  free  by   mail  on   receipt  of  price 
(One  Dollar) 

by 

DR.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.R.C.V.S. 

119  WEST  56TH  STREET, 
NEW    YORK  CITY.  N.  Y. 


PART  I.     BREEDING. 

INTRODUCTION. 

I  am  well  aware  that  there  is  no  royal  road  that  will 
lead  to  the  highest  degree  of  success  for  all  who  may 
attempt  the  task  of  becoming  profitable  breeders  of 
high  class  animals,  whether  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep, 
swine,  poultry,  dogs,  or  in  fact  any  of  the  domesticated 
animals.  In  fact  it  may  be  generally  stated  that  the 
failures  will  outnumber  the  successes  as  ten  to  one.  On 
looking  over  the  field,  however,  we  can  see  many  man- 
agers who  are  successful,  and  on  careful  inquiry  it  will 
be  found  that  nearly  all  of  them  have  attained  success 
because  they  have  acted  on  lines  which  are  entirely  in 
accord  with  proven  biological  facts.  It  may  be  as- 
serted that  success  in  breeding  will  not  be  achieved  by 
any  hap-hazard  method,  but  by  careful  plans,  laid  out 
after  great  deliberation,  and  according  to  a  certain 
standard  of  action  which  breeders  have  set  up  for  their 
guidance.  I  am  aware  that  an  occasional  hap-hazard  is 
sometimes  temporarily  successful,  and  this  may  occur 
apparently  in  spite  of  the  violation  of  what  many  suc- 
cessful men  would  call  positively  correct  principles. 
These  facts  show  to  some  extent  the  great  difficulties 
with  which  the  breeder  has  to  contend;  especially  will 
the  difficulty  appear  very  great  if  we  bear  in  mind  the 


10  BREEDING    OF 

almost  fabulous  amounts  that  are  yearly  spent  by  some 
of  our  wealthy  men  in  efforts  to  become  successful 
breeders  of  one  or  more  species  of  domestic  animals. 
On  close  scrutiny  it  will  be  found  that  there  are  certain 
well  denned  principles  which  it  is  necessary  for  all 
breeders  to  adopt  if  they  wish  to  be  permanently  suc- 
cessful, especially  in  a  pecuniary  sense.  And  perhaps  it 
may  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  sound  a  word  or  two  of 
warning  against  what  seems  to  be  a  tendency  to  the 
production  of  a  degenerate  race,  so  far  as  horses  are 
concerned. 

I  presume  it  will  be  admitted  that  the  aim  of  select 
breeding  in  the  domestic  animals  should  be  to  obtain 
an  animal  that  is  most  suitable  for  the  accomplishment 
of  the  labor  that  is  required  to  be  performed  by  that 
species.  Of  course  it  is  too  much  to  ask  breeders  to 
forego  a  prospective  present  profit  for  the  good  of  the 
future  generation  of  horses,  for  there  are  very  few  men 
with  public  spirit  enough  to  refuse  to  breed  horses 
that  can  run  a  fast  half  mile,  and  for  which  they  can 
obtain  an  exceedingly  profitable  price,  notwithstanding 
that  in  most  cases  at  the  present  time  those  same 
horses  are  entirely  useless  for  any  other  purpose,  not 
even  making  good  hacks  or  hunters,  and  certainly 
useless  on  a  farm.  And  the  numerous  small  race  tracks 
in  the  neighborhood  of  large  cities  where  short  races 
are  being  run  all  the  year  round  seem  to  increase  the 
evil  to  a  tremendous  extent,  and  will  probably  lead  to 
the  development  of  immense  speed  for  short  distances, 
to  the  detriment  of  the  general  advancement  of  all 
breeds  of  horses  that  would  naturally  take  place  were 
speed  and  stamina  combined  to  be  the  qualities  necessary 
to  profitable  ownership.   After  all,  it  is  perhaps  easy  to 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


11 


exaggerate  the  presumed  ill  effects  of  such  periods  of 
fashionable  aberrations  as  above  described,  for  nearly 
all  of  the  vast  numbers  of  animals  that  are  annually 
bred  in  all  civilized  countries  must  necessarily  be 
raised  for  practical  purposes.  This  will  always  be  the 
underlying  basis  for  the  general  breeder,  no  matter 
how  some  breeders  may  succeed  in  specializing  a  cer- 
tain number  of  animals,  and  this  assertion  holds  good 
in  the  case  of  all  domestic  animals.  A  horse  that  may 
be  considered  a  typical  animal  for  general  purposes  is 
seen  in  Fie-.  8. 


Fig.  3.    Hackney. 


12  BREEDING  OP 


GENERAL  PRINCIPLES. 

There  are  certain  biological  laws  which  relate  to  Re- 
production, to  which  all  animals  are  subject.  Many  of 
those  laws  have  only  been  formulated  within  the  past 
half  century;  in  fact,  to  the  influence  of  Charles  Darwin 
more  than  any  other  man,  or  perhaps  any  ten  men,  is 
due  the  formulating  of  reproductive  laws  and  the 
grouping  of  facts  relating  to  them. 

The  two  underlying  principles  each  of  which  is  op- 
posed to  the  other  and  by  which  all  breeders  are 
guided,  are  Heredity  and  Variation. 


HEREDITY. 

Wherever  we  look  in  the  field  of  Natural  History, 
the  one  fact  that  stands  out  more  prominent  than  any 
other  is  the  strong  tendency  for  like  to  beget  like ;  yet 
if  this  were  an  invariable  rule  there  could  be  no  change 
in  types  of  animals,  and  there  could  be  no  advance- 
ment in  breeding.  Again,  unless  the  principle  of 
heredity  was  exceedingly  strong,  there  would  be  no 
permanent  fixity  of  any  improvement  which  might  be 
produced  by  any  scientific  breeder.  But  under  the 
strong  influence  of  the  law  of  heredity  any  chance 
improvement  which  may  occur  in  any  breed  of  animals, 
can  almost  certainly  be  reproduced  in  future  individ- 
uals that  may  be  born  as  a  result  of  pairing  the  animal 
in  which  the  improvement  has  appeared,  with  another 
of  the  same  species.     The  failure  to  reproduce  this  im- 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  13 

provement  in  the  progeny  will  frequently  happen,  but 
by  suitable  pairing  the  improvement  can  generally  be 
reproduced.  If  we  can  lay  down  a  rule  to  guide  us  in 
accomplishing  this  very  desirable  object,  a  great  ad- 
vance will  be  made  in  scientific  breeding.  This  we 
shall  now  attempt. 

It  has  been  found  that  in  some  families  of  animals  a 
tendency  to  reproduce  their  Jike  is  much  greater  than  in 
others.     I  will  only  mention  one  which  will  be  familiar 
to   breeders  all  over  the  country,  namely,  "Rysdyk's 
Hambletonian."    It  used  to  be  a  very  common  observa- 
tion: "  How  much  like  the  old  horse  he  or  she  is,"  even 
to  grandsons  and  grand-daughters  of  this   horse,  in 
form  and  style  as  well  as  in  action.     This  horse  had  a 
great  individual  tendency  to  reproduce  this  improved 
form,  style  and  speed,  even  when  mated  with  very  in- 
ferior mares.     This  tendency  in  one  parent  to  overcome 
what  is  lacking  in  the  other  is  called   "prepotency." 
We   say  therefore  that  in    Hambletonian  his  prepo- 
tency   to  produce   his    desirable    qualities    was    very 
great.     It    may    also    be    said    that    the    prepotency 
of  Electioneer  was  also  very  great,  in  fact,  so  great  was 
it  that  it  seemed  to  make  no  difference  scarcely  what 
kind  of  mare  he  was  mated  to,  a  fast  colt  was  sure  to  be 
the  result.     Even  to  thoroughbreds  his  influence  was 
so  much  greater  that  fast  trotters  were  almost  invari- 
ably the  result  of  the  pairing,  a  result  of  such  a  mixed 
union  being  the  celebrated  Palo  Alto  2.08f — Electioneer 
himself,  being  a  son  of  Rysdyk's  Hambletonian,  thus 
inheriting  a  very  strong  tendency  to  reproduce  fast  and 
well  formed  trotters,  as  we  have  seen.     How  are  we  to 
tell  with  reasonable  certainty,  whether  an  animal  is  en- 
dowed with  unusual  prepotency  or  not  ?    If  it  were  pos- 


14  BREEDING   OP 

sible  to  tell  with  certainty,  we  could  almost  class  breed- 
ing with  the  exact  sciences.  Unfortunately  we  cannot 
do  this  except  in  those  cases  where  the  prepotency  has 
been  proven,  as  was  the  case  with  Hambletonian,  Elec- 
tioneer, and  others  after  a  trial  at  the  stud  for  three  or 
four  years.  But  the  following  rule  will  be  found  use- 
ful; viz. :  that  the  longer  the  line  of  descent  in  which 
the  desired  trait  can  be  traced,  the  more  likely  is  the 
desirable  quality  to  be  transmitted  to  offspring;  so  that 
any  quality  which  may  arise  in  an  individual,  if  trans- 
mitted for  several  generations,  will  become  stronger  and 
stronger  with  each  generation,  and  will  soon  become 
strongly  inherited,  and  the  prepotency  of  each  descend- 
ing parent  will  be  increased  in  the  direction  of  the  al- 
tered character.  Hence,  all  other  things  being  equal, 
there  would  be  much  better  chance  for  obtaining  a 
very  fast  thoroughbred,  with  lots  of  stamina,  by  mating 
a  female  with  a  male  that  had  proven  fast  for  long  dis- 
tances; and  this  chance  would  be  greatly  strengthened 
if  the  male  progenitors  had  also  inherited  great  speed 
with  good  staying  powers.  Therefore,  the  greater  the 
number  of  progenitors  in  which  can  be  traced  the  de- 
sired quality,  the  more  likely  is  the  quality  to  be  repro- 
duced in  the  offspring.  This  rule  applies  to  all  animals, 
whether  wild  or  domestic. 

Unfortunately  we  have  a  prepotency  to  reproduce 
undesirable  qualities  as  well  as  desirable.  This  is  one 
of  the  great  drawbacks  that  breeders  have  to  contend 
with.  For  instance:  a  sire  with  small,  thin  feet — espe- 
cially if  it  has  been  inherited  for  two  or  three  genera- 
tions— will  be  likely  to  reproduce  in  a  large  proportion 
of  his  progeny   this  very  undesirable  quality.     There 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  15 

are  many  other  imperfections  and  many  diseases  and 
malformations  which  are  inherited.  The  following  are 
some  of  the  diseases  which  are  strongly  inherited: 

Anchylosis  of  Joints  (Stiff  Joints) 

Broken  Wind. 

Cataract. 

Curb. 

Diarrhea. 

Hemorrhage. 

Imperfections  of  Feet. 

Navicular  Caries. 

Ophthalmia.  (Moon  Blindness). 

Ostitis  or  Sore  Shins. 

Rheumatism. 

Rickets. 

Ringbones. 

Roaring. 

Sidebones. 

Spavins. 

Staggers. 


ANCHYLOSIS  of  JOINTS.— As  a  result  of  various 
inflammatory  diseases  in  bones  and  joints  we  very  fre- 
quently get  a  complete  union  between  the  two  or  more 
bones  that  enter  into  the  formation  of  a  joint.  There 
are  some  joints  in  horses  that  are  peculiarly  liable  to 
this  abnormal  condition.  The  hock  joint  is  in  a  high 
degree  susceptible  to  this  change,  and  I  have  often 
made  dissections  and  found  all  the  bones  of  the  hock, 
except  two,  strongly  united  together  by  this  bony 
union,  and  in  which  not  the  least  particle  of  motion 
could   take  place  except  between,  the  astragalus  and 


16  BREEDING   OF 

tibia.  The  inflammation  which  precedes  this  condition  is 
very  frequently  the  hidden  cause  of  lameness,  and  that 
of  a  very  chronic  character.  This  condition  may  be  ac- 
companied by  an  outside  swelling  (Bone  Spavin),  or  it 
may  not.  If  there  is  no  outside  swelling,  there  is  no 
way  of  making  a  positive  diagnosis  of  this  condition. 
Therefore  any  lameness  in  the  hind  limbs  that  is  of  a 
chronic  character,  and  cannot  be  definitely  located, 
should  be  a  sufficient  cause  to  prevent  the  animal  from 
being  sent  to  the  stud  for  breeding  purposes. 

BROKEN  WIND.— This  disease  is  well  known  to  be 
inherited,  and  any  animal  suffering  from  it  should  be 
avoided  by  the  careful  breeder. 

CATARACT This  is  a  chronic  disease  of  the  eye, 

and  can  be  easily  discovered  by  looking  into  the  pupil. 
If  cataract  is  present  there  will  be  noticed  a  light  col- 
ored speck  of  varying  size,  from  that  of  a  pin  head  to 
a  spot  large  enough  to  fill  up  the  entire  pupil.  This 
disease  is  inherited  beyond  a  doubt,  and  is  a  frequent 
cause  of  blindness,  and  if  a  breeder  wishes  to  obtain  an- 
imals with  perfect  sight  there  should  be  no  horse  with 
a  cataract  allowed  in  the  breeding  establishment. 

CURB. — This  is  a  disease  that  very  frequently  causes 
lameness.  When  present,  even  if  the  animal  is  not  lame, 
the  selling  value  is  very  materially  lessened,  even  in  a 
common  grade  of  horses.  How  much  more  would  be 
the  depreciation  if  it  was  a  cause  of  lameness,  and 
thereby  decreased  the  speed  of  a  racing  animal,  the 
animal  being  probably  made  worthless.  I  have  known 
a  sire  affected  with  curb  to  get  colts,  three-fourths  of 
which  were  affected  with  this  disease  before  they  were 
six  years  old.    In  fact  there  are  numerous  instances 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  17 

showing  the  strong  tendency  of  this  disease  to  be  in- 
herited. Never  breed  from  a  sire  or  dam  that  has  a 
curb. 

DIARRHEA. — There  is  a  form  of  diarrhea  which  is 
sometimes  present  in  trotters,  that  seems  to  be  caused 
by  a  constitutional  irritation  of  the  bowels.  In  many 
cases  the  subjects  of  this  affection  cannot  be  driven  in 
a  speedy  manner  for  any  length  of  time  without  caus- 
ing diarrhea.  Such  horses  are  very  liable  to  become 
debilitated,  and  easily  the  subjects  of  chills  and  colic 
and  to  lose  their  appetite  for  twelve  or  fifteen  hours. 
Such  animals  are  often  said  to  be  delicate  and  unable 
to  stand  any  severe  exertion,  when  frequently  repeated. 
An  animal  that  is  subject  to  this  disease  should  not 
be  bred  from. 

HEMORRHAGE.— Many  thoroughbred  horses,  when 
made  to  run  to  the  top  of  their  speed,  are  affected  with 
this  serious  condition  of  bleeding  from  the  nostrils. 
This  is  also  due  to  inherited  and  constitutional  causes, 
and  if  this  condition  is  present  in  any  proposed  candi- 
date for  the  stud,  he  or  she  should  be  rigidly  excluded 
from  the  breeding  establishment. 

FEET— IMPERFECTIONS  OF— The  shape  and 
form  of  the  feet  tend  very  strongly  to  be  inherited,  and 
any  weakness  which  may  be  present  in  the  sire  or  dam 
will  be  very  likely  to  appear  in  the  offspring.  One  of 
the  worst  faults  in  respect  to  the  feet  is  seen  when  they 
are  small  and  cramped,  and  when  the  horn  is  thin  and 
has  a  tendency  to  become  dry  and  brittle.  This  form 
of  hoof  is  especially  liable  to  corns  and  quarter  cracks 
and  are  the  easy  subjects  of-  bruises  to  the  soles,  by 
stepping  on  stones  and  other  solid  objects  projecting 
2 


18  BREEDING   OP 

from  the  surface  of  the  road.  I  have  known  a  stallion 
which  had  such  feet  to  reproduce  colts  about  half  of 
which  could  not  be  driven  on  macadamized  roads  for 
any  length  of  time  without  going  lame  from  bruises  to 
the  soles,  or  a  cracking  of  the  thin,  dry  horn  at  the 
quarter  of  the  foot.  A  large  foot  is  not  so  objectionable 
from  a  utilitarian  point  of  view,  but  may  be  somewhat 
objectionable  in  race  horses.  It  may  be  said,  however, 
that  a  large  foot  is  seldom  to  be  considered  an  objection 
in  an  animal  that  is  otherwise  suitable  for  breeding 
purposes.  Many  horses  that  travel  apparently  sound 
are  seen  with  contracted  heels,  and  although  this  is 
frequently  due  to  bad  management  of  the  feet,  there 
are  many  cases  in  which  horses  are  predisposed  to  this 
condition  from  thin,  weak  horn.  When  it  is  proposed 
to  breed  from  an  animal  with  contracted  heels,  and  the 
cause  cannot  be  plainly  traced  to  bad  management  of 
the  feet,  including  bad  shoeing,  the  subject  should  be 
excluded  for  breeding  purposes.  Be  sure  that  both 
dam  and  sire  have  well  formed  and  good  sized  feet. 

NAVICULAR  DISEASE.— Although  this  is  not  such 
a  common  disease  in  this  country  as  it  is  in  Great 
Britain,  in  consequence  of  our  having  softer  roads,  yet 
it  is  frequent  enough,  especially  in  animals  past  middle 
age  that  have  been  driven  for  any  length  of  time  in  the 
vicinity  of  towns,  where  there  are  stone  pavements  or 
macadamized  roads.  Do  not  breed  from  any  animal 
that  is  the  subject  of  navicular  disease.  All  authorities 
agree  that  it  tends  to  be  strongly  inherited. 

OPHTHALniA.— In  March,1893,a  gentleman  sent,  for 
my  examination  (requesting  a  written  report),  a  beauti- 
fully formed  cob  mare  that  was  then  suffering  from  an  at- 
tack of  inflammation  of  the  eyes,  and  had  been  the  subject 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  19 

of  another  attack  two  months  previous.  The  eyes 
were  clouded  over,  showing  all  the  appearance  of  a 
constitutional  ophthalmia  (moon  blindness).  He  wished 
me  to  report  especially  on  the  advisability  of  placing 
her  on  his  stock-farm  for  breeding  purposes.  Knowing 
as  I  do  how  strong  is  the  tendency  for  eye  diseases  to 
be  inherited,  I  was  compelled  to  advise  against  the 
step  he  contemplated.  I  should  have  been  exceedingly 
derelict  in  my  duty  had  I  done  otherwise.  Whenever 
an  animal  is  the  subject  of  cataract,  or  cloudiness  on 
the  front  of  the  eye — thus  showing  the  effect  of  ophthal- 
mia— it  should  be  rigidly  excluded  from  the  breeding 
farm. 

OSTITIS  or  SORE  SHINS.— This  may  be  consid- 
ered almost  exclusively  a  disease  peculiar  to  thorough- 
breds, and  from  the  fact  [that  many  otherwise  good 
horses  break  down  when  young  from  this  disease,  they 
are  very  likely  to  be  sent  to  the  stud  for  breeding  pur- 
poses. Now,  inasmuch  as  the  very  fact  of  their  having 
broken  down  is  a  proof  of  constitutional  weakness  in  the 
bones  of  the  limbs,  it  should  be  a  sufficient  cause  to 
prevent  breeders  from  getting  more  of  the  same  kind 
of  weak-boned  weeds  that  are  more  than  likely  to  turn 
out  to  be  useless  as  racers  or  for  any  other  purpose. 
Beware  of  an  animal  that  shows  the  sign  of  having 
been  at  any  time  affected  with  sore  shins. 

RHEUMATISM. — Although  rheumatism  as  a  disease 
may  not  be  directly  inherited,  the  constitutional  condi- 
tion which  makes  an  animal  peculiarly  subject  to  it  is 
probably  inherited.  I  should  therefore  strongly  ad- 
vise against  breeding  from  an  animal  tnat  is  the  subject 
of  rheumatism. 

RICKETS. — This  is  a  constitutional  disease  and  af- 


20  BBEEDING   OF 

f ects  animals  while  they  are  yet  very  young,  The  pecu- 
liar condition  of  the  bones  which  causes  them  to  bend 
or  give  way  under  the  weight  of  the  body  has  a  strong 
tendency  to  be  "inherited.  It  should  therefore  be  the 
aim  of  the  breeder  to  pick  out  animals  that  have  no  ap- 
pearance of  having  the  long  bones  bent  in  early  life. 

RINGBONES — All  authorities  recognize  that  the 
tendency  to  ringbones  is  strongly  inherited.  It  is 
therefore  very  necessary  for  the  successful  breeder  to 
keep  all  animals  affected  with  ringbones  from  becom- 
ing members  of  his  breeding  family. 

ROARING — Youatt  gives  some  strongly  convincing 
instances  where  sires  affected  with  this  disease  had  got- 
ten numerous  progeny  that  were  the  subjects  of  roar- 
ing. He  says :  "  Facts  have  established  the  hereditary 
predisposition  to  roaring  beyond  the  possibility  of 
doubt."  A  well  known  owner  of  horses  said  to  me  that 
he  dreaded  an  outbreak  of  distemper  among  his  horses, 
as  it  was  almost  certain  to  leave  some  of  them  as 
roarers.  There  is  no  doubt  in  my  mind  that  if  breed- 
ers were  more  careful  in  this  respect  thoroughbreds 
would  not  be  more  subject  to  be  left  roarers  after  dis- 
temper than  are  other  breeds  of  horses.  The  rule  should 
be  to  never  breed  from  a  roarer. 

5IDEB0NES. — This  is  often  a  disease  of  the  more 
common  bred  horses,  but  nevertheless  is  strongly  in- 
herited and  is  a  cause  of  making  numerous  animals 
comparitively  useless  except  for  very  slow  work.  The 
breeding  of  animals  affected  with  sidebones  can  only 
result  in  a  deterioration  of  the  quality  of  horses  when 
considered  in  the  aggregate. 

SPAVIN. — This  is  considered  by  all  authorities  to  be  a 
disease  which  is  very  strongly  inherited,  and  as  it  is  a 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  21 

very  serious  affection  and  a  great  source  of  loss  to  horse 
owners,  it  would  seem  to  be  the  height  of  folly  to  breed 
from  animals  already  diseased,  and  which  are  almost 
certain  to  reproduce  in  their  progeny  the  tendency  to 
take  on  the  same  abnormal  character. 

While  visiting  in  the  country  some  years  ago,  a  pa- 
tron of  mine  called  my  attention  to  a  foal  about  three 
weeks  old  that  had  an  enlargement  on  the  inside  of  the 
hock  which  I  quickly  found  to  be  a  true  bone — spavin. 
I  inquired  carefully  about  the  sire  and  dam.  I  could 
not  find  out  anything  about  the  sire  that  could  be  of 
value  in  coming  to  a  correct  conclusion  regarding  the 
condition  of  his  hocks,  but  the  owner  of  the  colt  still 
owned  the  dam.  On  examination  I  found  that  she  was 
a  plucky  cob  that  had  been  worked  hard  to  a  butcher's 
cart  for  years;  that  she  had  two  well  developed  spavins 
on  the  hocks,  which  even  then  were  a  cause  of  the  stiff 
and  stilty  action  so  characteristic  of  horses  with  fully 
developed  spavins,  and  in  which  the  inflammation — 
which  is  always  present  during  the  period  of  develop- 
ment of  spavin — had  previously  disappeared.  The  owner 
informed  me  that  he  had  noticed  the  peculiarity  at  the 
time  the  colt  was  foaled.  I  have  never  seen  any  but  this 
case  where  a  foal  was  born  with  a  well  developed  spavin, 
but  spavins  frequently  develop  at  a  very  young  age, 
and  in  many  cases  it  will  be  found  that  the  progenitors 
were  the  subjects  of  the  same  disease.  Therefore,  in 
breeding  horses  of  every  class  care  should  be  taken  that 
horses  with  bone-spavin  should  be  excluded  from  the 
farm. 

STAGGERS. — This  is  a  very  serious  disease  and  no 
animal  should  be  bred  from  that  has  at  any  time  shown 
any  symptom  of  it. 


22  BREEDING   OF 

While  I  have  used  the  above  strong  protest  against 
breeding  from  diseased  animals,  it  is  not  considered 
that  the  progeny  of  diseased  animals  will  all  be  affect- 
ed; in  fact  a  great  many  will  probably  escape,  and  this 
will  depend  to  a  great  extent  on  the  degree  of  prepoten- 
cy that  may  be  present  in  the  diseased  parent. 

Lehndorff,  a  great  authority  on  breeding  racehorses, 
says  : "  The  principal  requisite  in  breeding  a  racehorse  is 
soundness ;  again  soundness,  and  nothing  but  sound- 
ness." 

TEMPER. — I  cannot  refrain  from  uttering  a  warning 
against  the  too  frequent  practice  of  sending  bad  tem- 
pered mares — that  are  uncontrollable  in  ordinary  occu- 
pations— to  the  stock  farm  for  breeding  purposes  with 
the  remark  that  "  she  is  not  useful  for  work,  but  she 
will  probably  drop  a  good  colt.  There  is  nothing  more 
certain  than  the  fact  that  the  temperament  of  the  par- 
ent is  very  frequently  reproduced  in  the  offspring 
and  every  breeder  knows  what  a  useless  article  a  colt 
with  a  vicious  and  uncontr  »•  able  temper  will  prove  to 
be;  in  fact,  he  will  be  more  profitable  dead  than  alive, 
and  will  certainly  be  less  dangerous  to  the  lives  of  at- 
tendants that  might  be  brought  into  contact  with  him. 
A  good  temper  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  traits  in  the 
constitution  of  a  breeding  parent.  This  should  be  made 
a  cast-iron  rule  with  breeders  of  all  animals. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  23 


VARIATION. 


Without  a  tendency  to  variation  there  could  be  no 
advance  in  organization  or  progress  in  results. 

Variation  is  directly  opposed  to  heredity,  so  that  these 
two  directly  opposite  forces  are  continually  warring 
with  each  other  for  the  mastery;  and  it  is  the  object  of 
the  breeder  to  take  advantage  of  any  little  change  that 
may  be  to  the  benefit  of  the  animal  which  he  is  at- 
tempting to  improve.  The  improved  animal  does  not 
always  show  it  in  his  physical  proportions.  Especially 
is  this  true  of  thoroughbreds  and  trotters.  It  is  impos- 
sible to  predict  in  advance  the  career  of  Uuy  yearling 
colt,  either  runner  or  trotter,  from  his  form  or  shape, 
and  successful  purchasers  of  horses  at  the  breeders' 
sales  depend  principally  on  the  breeding  of  the  animals 
they  buy,  trusting  that  the  force  of  heredity  will  be 
stronger  than  the  opposite  force  of  variation.  Yet  we 
very  frequently  find  that  the  most  carefully  bred  colt 
has  varied  sufficiently  in  some  particular  character  to 
make  him  comparatively  useless  for  racing  purposes. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  occasionally  find  that  a  colt  that 
has  been  what  may  be  considered  rather  carelessly  bred, 
will  show  enough  variation  from  his  parents  in  the 
right  direction  to  be  an  extremely  valuable  animal. 
The  tendency  to  variation  is  the  force  which  is  the 
cause  of  those  two  anomalous  facts.  There  is  one 
quality  in  the  composition  of  horses  and  dogs  that  is 
probably  of  more  importance  than  any  other,  and  is  en- 
tirely hidden  in  a  superficial  view  of  an  animal.  I  refer 
to  the  nervous  organization.     It  is  to  this  part  of  the 


24  BREEDING   OF 

animal  system  that  is  due  the  much  greater  strength 
and  endurance  of  some  animals  when  compared  with 
other  animals  which  resemble  them  in  external  appear- 
ance. Every  horse  owner  knows  that  we  may  take  two 
horses  that  are  almost  exactly  alike  in  size,  shape  and 
action,  that  one  will  turn  out  to  be  a  very  valuable  an- 
imal for  work,  while  the  other,  though  subjected  to  ex- 
actly the  same  conditions  as  to  management,  will  be  of 
very  little  practical  utility.  The  difference  is  due  to  the 
better  nervous  organization  of  the  useful  horse.  We 
may  also  say  that  the  nervous  system  is  also  subject  to 
variation  in  a  high  degree,  and  that  this  is  a  factor 
that  cannot  be  discovered  by  any  observation  of  the 
form  of  the  animal.  This  fact  will  always  make  the 
breeding  of  fast  horses  more  or  less  problematical  and 
in  consequence  of  its  uncertainty,  give  it  a  speculative 
character.  It  is  by  taking  advantage  of  variations  in 
form  or  action  that  the  different  varieties  of  each  spe- 
cies of  the  domestic  animals  have  been  selected  and 
have  now  become  distinct  breeds. 

In  this  short  work,  it  will  not  be  possible  to  go  into 
details  of  the  best  methods  for  breeding  thoroughbreds, 
neither  is  it  necessary,  as  there  are  many  books  written 
by  men  who  have  had  far  better  facilities  for  observa- 
tion than  myself,  and  who  have  written  very  fully  on 
the  subject  of  pedigrees  and  breeds  of  successful  race- 
horses. There  are  a  few  general  hints  that  may  be  in- 
serted for  the  guidance  of  those  who  have  not  the  facil- 
ities to  obtain  the  more  expensive  treatises  on  breeding. 

CLinATE. — This  has  much  to  do  with  the  results  of 
breeding.  It  may  be  said  that  steep  hills,  marshes  and 
low  lands  are  not  suitable  for  the  successful  breeding 
of  horses.     In  countries  where  there  are  periods  of  pro- 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  25 

longed  cold,  the  conditions  are  opposed  to  the  breeding 
of  fine  horses.  Intense  cold  tends  to  stunt  the  growth 
of  the  young  animal.  Young  animals  should  be  well 
fed  if  we  expect  to  obtain  well-developed,  full-grown 
adults.  There  should  be  no  over-crowding  on  the 
stock-farm. 

It  is  not  sufficient  that  a  sire  should  possess  the  for- 
mation it  is  desired  to  correct  in  the  dam,  or  that  the 
dam  should  have  qualities  likely  to  improve  defects  in 
the  sire,  in  order  to  insure  the  obtaining  of  a  perfectly 
formed  product,  but  both  sire  and  dam  must  be  well 
shaped  to  get  progeny  that  may  be  better  than  the 
parents.  Young  or  middle-aged  dams  usually  bear  ani- 
mals that  have  more  vigor  and  stamina  than  old  or  ex- 
tremely young  dams. 

William  Day  gives  the  following  advice  for  the  selec- 
tion of  thoroughbred  mates  :  "  Consider  carefully  the 
external  form  of  the  mare,  the  relation  of  different  parts 
to  each  other,  her  capabilities,  so  far  as  known  ;  above 
all,  her  breeding  and  that  of  her  ancestors;  then  select 
a  sire  on  the  same  careful  system."  It  will  only  pay  to 
breed  from  the  best  stock,  no  matter  what  kind  of  do- 
mestic animal  it  may  be.  This  applies  equally  to 
horses,  cattle,  sheep,  pigs,  chickens,  etc. 

It  is  usually  considered  that  soils  resting  on  a  chalky 
or  limestone  formation  are  the  best  suited  for  the  loca- 
tion of  breeding  farms. 

ABORTION. 

This  is  a  very  important  subject  to  breeders  of  high- 
grade  animals  and  in  the  aggregate,  a  source  of  im- 
mense loss.  Billings  says  :  "  that  it  causes  an  im- 
mense loss  to  the  agriculturist  and  breeder."     In  some 


20  BBEEDING   OP 

statistics  collected  by  the  New  York  commissioners  the 
average  number  of  abortions  was  about  5  per  cent,  of 
the  whole  number  of  cows  that  were  pregnant.  Many 
years  ago  it  was  estimated  that  the  loss  in  New  York 
State  alone  was  over  four  million  dollars  a  year.  In 
mares  it  is  not  of  such  frequent  occurrence  as  in  cows, 
but  still  frequent  enough  to  cause  considerable  loss. 

Causes. — The  facts  point  to  the  certainty  of  an  in- 
fection frequently  being  the  cause  in  cows,  as  the  fol- 
lowing will  show  :  A  German  authority  reports  that 
all  the  cows  aborted  in  one  stable,  while  none  aborted 
in  another  on  the  same  farm.  In  another  case  abortion 
continued  after  every  possible  change  in  the  manner  of 
feeding.  Other  cases  are  reported  where  it  has  existed 
for  a  number  of  years,  constantly  increasing  until  fin- 
ally nearly  every  pregnant  cow  aborted.  In  another 
stable  one  cow  after  another  aborted,  while  none  oc- 
cured  in  a  second  stable  on  the  same  farm,  until  a  maid 
who  had  assisted  at  an  abortion  at  the  first  stable  re- 
turned to  the  second  stable  and  attended  the  cows 
there,  when  abortion  set  in  and  continued  for  a  long 
time.  These  and  other  facts  point  to  the  absolute  cer- 
tainty of  the  infectious  nature  of  the  malady. 

It  is  very  frequently  caused  by  violence  in  the  mare, 
and  in  fact  this  is  a  very  common  cause  in  all  animals. 
Falls,  kicks,  excessive  labor,  great  exertion,  any  of  the 
violent  inflammations  of  the  internal  organs,  irritant 
medicines,  and  diarrhea  are  all  causes  of  this  affection. 
I  have  known  it  to  follow  the  casting  of  a  mare  for  an 
operation,  also  from  decaying  animal  matter,  as  the  re- 
fuse from  a  slaughter  house.  A  friend  of  mine,  a 
butcher,  informs  me  that  he  has  often  tried  to  breed 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  27 

mares  that  are  stabled  near  his  slaughter  house  and  al- 
ways without  success. 

The  following  medicinal  agents  are  said  to  be  a  cause 
of  abortion  :  Cantharides,  Tansy,  Savin,  Cotton-root 
bark,  the  various  forms  of  ergot,  and  probably  other 
fungoid  bodies  that  are  frequently  found  in  musty 
fodder. 


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DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  Z\J 

PARTURITION— FOALING-CALVING,  ETC. 

This  is  the  act  of  the  normal  expulsion  of  the  mature 
fetus.  In  the  higher  animals  it  is  a  very  complicated 
physiological  process,  and  fraught  with  considerable 
danger  to  both  the  dam  and  progeny.  And  the  more 
we  deviate  in  our  standard  of  breeding  from  the  origi- 
nal wild  type  of  the  animal,  the  greater  will  be  the  dan- 
ger of  fatal  accidents  attending  parturition. 


Fig.  i.    Cow  in  the  act  of  parturition. 

Symptoms. — The  preliminary  symptoms  or  signs  of  ap- 
proaching parturition  are  an  increased  size  and  sen- 
sitiveness of  the  mammae  (udder.)  The  tenderness  in- 
creases until  the  fetus  begins  to  feed  on  the  milk  of  the 
mother.  The  vulva  becomes  swollen  and  flabby.  This 
is  followed  by  restlessness,  the  mother  lying  down  and 
getting  up  again  in  much  the  same  manner  as  in  colic, 
and  she  often  seeks  a  remote  place  to  bring  forth  her 
young.  The  pains  now  become  more  severe  ;  they  are 
more  frequent,  and  they  continue  for  a  longer  time;  this 
increases  until  the  fetus  is  expelled,  if  it  is  a  normal  la- 
bor. The  naval  cord  is  now  ruptured  and  there  escapes 
perhaps  a  little  blood.  The  time  of  expulsion  of  the 
fetus  after  the  actual  pain  varies  in  different  animals, 


30 


BREEDING   OF 


but  if  the  labor  is  normal  the  mare  will  expel  it  in  from 
five  minutes  to  half  an  hour  after  the  first  actually  visi- 
ble symptom  of  pain.  The  cow  from  half  an  hour  to 
two  days.     Sheep  from  fifteen  minutes  to  three  hours. 


Fig.  5.     Mare  in  the  act  of  parturition. 

EXPULSION  OF  FETAL  MEMBRANES  OR 
AFTER-BIRTH.  This  may  occur  soon  after  birth,  or 
it  may  be  delayed  for  a  variable  period.  It  is  unusual 
for  the  after-birth  to  be  retained  for  more  than  an  hour 
or  two  in  the  mare,  but  in  cows  it  is  frequently  retained 
for  several  days.  It  may  be  generally  said  that  there  is 
no  great  need  of  removing  the  retained  membranes  by 
mechanical  means  for  a  week  or  more  after  birth,  unless 
there  is  a  high  external  temperature  of  the  atmosphere, 
or  unless  the  genital  organs  are  abraded,  or  if  there  is 
frequent  straining,  and  especially  if  there  are  fetid  or 
bad  smelling  discharges  from  the  vagina.  In  these 
cases  it  is  necessary  to  remove  the  decomposing  mem- 
branes as  soon  as  possible. 

Fleming  advises  that  when  necessary  the  retained 
membranes  be  removed  from  the  uterus  of  the  cow  by 
passing  in  the  hand  and  gently  tearing  away  the  mem- 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  31 

branes  from  their  attachments  about  the  third  day. 
However,  it  is  often  possible  to  remove  them  by  gently 
pulling  on  the  small  string  of  membranes  that  usually 
projects  from  the  vulva  and  hangs  down. 

The  following  formula  for  a  medicine  to  assist  in  the 
expulsion  of  the  retained  membranes  is  recommended 
by  Hering. 

Carbonate  of  Potash        -        -        -        half  an  ounce 
Savin  leaves         -        -        -        -        -  one  ounce 

These  to  be  infused  into  one  pint  of  water,  then  fil- 
tered, and  given  warm  in  conjunction  with  linseed  tea, 
and  repeated  every  six  hours  until  the  membranes  are 
expelled. 

INVERSION  OF  THE   UTERUS. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  the  uterus  is  turned  in- 
side out  as  it  were,  and  the  whole  organ  will  be  pro- 
truded from  the  vagina,  and  hang  in  a  pendulous  man- 
ner when  the  animal  is  in  the  standing  posture.  When 
in  this  condition  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  return 
the  organ.  The  following  method  will  usually  be  the 
most  successful. 

If  the  animal  is  in  the  lying  position,  she  must  be  made 
to  rise  if  possible,  as  it  will  be  much  easier  to  return  the 
organ  when  in  the  upright  position.  Also  attempt  to 
rig  a  contrivance  whereby  the  hind  quarters  will  be 
raised  higher  than  the  front  part  of  the  body.  Now 
take  a  bed  sheet  or  something  similar  and  fold  it  double. 
Place  assistants  holding  two  corners  of  it  each  side 
of  the  uterus,  and  place  it  under  the  organ.  Now  have 
the  men  raise  the  uterus.     The  operator,  standing  be- 


32 


BREEDING   OF 


hind,  should  begin  to  return  the  organ  to  the  abdomi- 
nal cavity  by  pushing  carefully  the  parts  nearest  the 
vulva,  and  gradually  working  more  and  more  back  into 
the  cavity  until  the  whole  of  the  uterus  has  been  re- 
turned. The  animal  will  strain  considerably  at  times 
while  this  is  going  on,  and  it  will  be  necessary  for  the 
operator  to  use  continuous  pressure  to  prevent  the  ute- 


Fig.  7.    Delwart's  trusB  applied. 


Fig.  6  Loop  of 
rop»<  to  form  Del- 
wart's truss. 

rus  from  returning  again  to  the  outside.  But  it  can  be 
accomplished  successfully  if  the  operator  uses  patience 
and  does  not  for  a  moment  relax  his  vigilance.  After 
the  return  there  is  sometimes  considerable  straining, 
and  it  may  be  necessary  to  keep  in  close  proximity  for 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  33 

a  few  minutes  to  prevent  the  uterus  from  being  forced 
out  again.  The  organ  being  in  place  again  it  is  usually 
necessary  to  take  steps  to  prevent  another  inversion.  I 
have  found  the  following  to  be  very  successful :  take  a 
large  bag  needle  and  thread  it  with  strong  tape.  Insert 
two  stitches,  allowing  them  to  cross  each  other.  They 
should  be  inserted  rather  deeply  so  as  to  secure  a  good 
hold.  In  this  way  a  return  of  the  organ  or  even  a  por- 
tion of  it  very  rarely  takes  place.  Another  method  to 
prevent  a  re-inversion  is  by  the  application  of  Delwart's 
truss,  which  can  be  made  with  an  ordinary  rope,  (fig- 
ure 6)  and  applied  as  in  figure  7.  Several  other 
contrivances  have  been  used,  all  having  the  same  end  in 
view,  namely  narrowing  the  outlet  from  the  vagina. 
None  of  these  appliances  should  be  placed  so  tightly 
that  the  animal  cannot  pass  the  urine. 

Many  seemingly  hopeless  cases  of  inversion  may  be 
remedied  by  using  the  above  means.  I  will  give  one 
instance  to  show  the  recuperative  powers  of  the  organ. 
Being  sent  for  by  a  breeder,  six  miles  from  my  residence, 
I  arrived  at  the  farm  in  a  storm  of  sleet  and  rain  which 
had  lasted  several  hours.  I  found  the  cow  in  the  field, 
lying  down  with  the  whole  uterus  protruding.  It  was 
covered  with  darkish  purple  spots  and  cold,  and  to  all 
appearance  had  no  chance  of  being  restored  to  a  normal 
condition  again.  I  had  a  sheet  brought,  and  with  the 
necessary  assistants  we  raised  the  cow  and  lifted  the 
uterus  with  the  sheet;  then  led  the  cow  to  a  shed,  where 
I  operated  as  above  explained  to  return  the  organ,  and 
placed  two  stitches  across  the  lips  of  the  vulva.  The 
uterus  wafj  retained  and  a  complete  recovery  took  place 
in  a  few  days.  The  uterus  retained  its  normal  position. 
3 


34 


BREEDING    OF 


PRESENTATION  OF  THE  FETUS. 


Bv  presentation  is  meant  the  part  of  the  fetus  which 
first  presents  itself  to  the  uterine  outlet. 

In  Fig.  8,  is  a  representation  of  a  twin    pregnancy 


from  Fleming. 


Fig.  8.    Position  in  normal  twin  pregnancy. 


Fig.  9.    Normal  presentation. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


35 


The  most  common  way  for  the  fetus  to  be  presented 
is  represented  is  Fig.  9,  and  is  usually  considered  its 
natural  position.  As  will  be  seen,  the  nose  and  fore 
feet  are  presented  first.  With  this  method  of  presen- 
tation there  is  rarely  need  for  artificial  assistance. 


Fig.  10. 


A  presentation  of  the  hind  feet,  is  seen  in  Fig.  10. 
In  this  case  delivery  is  usually  effected  by  natural 
forces  of  the  mother  without  outside  help. 

There  are  many  cases  of  what  may  be  termed  false 
presentations  where  the  greatest  skill  and  ingenuity 
of  the  operator  will  fail  to  make  a  successful  delivery. 
There  are  other  causes  which  may  prevent  a  normal 
delivery,  but  they  can  only  be  mentioned  in  this  place 
and  the   more   common   cases   slightly  touched  upon. 

The  cases  of  difficult  labor  are  from  ten  to  fifteen 
times  more  frequent  in  cows  than  in  mares.  They 
are  also  very  common  in  bitches,  caused  io  a 
great    extent     by     the     fact     that     large     males   are 


SO  BREEDING    OF 

frequently  mated  with  small  females,  in  which  case 
the  fetal  animals  will  probably  be  larger  than  the 
mother  can  expel  under  normal  conditions  of  labor. 
Difficult  parturition  is  much  more  dangerous  in  mares 
than  in  cows.  It  is  said  that  if  labor  is  delayed  more 
than  three  or  four  hours  in  the  mare  the  death  of  the 
fetus  is  sure  to  result,  whereas  in  the  cow  it  frequently 
happens  that  parturition  is  delayed  from  24  to  48  hours 
without  any  disastrous  result  to  the  fetus.  However* 
where  labor  is  delayed  over  a  reasonable  time,  no  delay 
should  be  allowed,  but  an  attempt  made  to  discover  in 
what  position  the  fetus  is  placed.  In  order  to  do  this 
the  hand  should  be  well  oiled,  and  inserted  into  the 
vagina,  and  if  the  opening  into  the  uterus  is  suf- 
ficiently dilated,  the  hand  should  be  carried  into  that 
organ  also.  By  this  time  some  of  the  fetus  will  be  felt. 
If  it  is  a  limb,  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  discover 
whether  it  is  a  fore  or  hind  limb.  This  will  be  easily 
determined  if  the  hand  is  carried  as  far  up  the  limb  as 
the  knee  or  hock.  If  it  is  a  hind  leg,  the  joint  of  the 
hock  will  be  felt.  It  should  also  be  remembered  that 
the  hock  joint  bends  in  the  opposite  direction  to  that  of 
the  knee.  If  it  is  a  fore  leg,  an  attempt  should  be 
made  to  find  its  mate,  and  also  to  try  and  feel  the  head, 
and  discover  if  the  nose  is  pointing  toward  the  vagina 
If  it  is  a  hind  limb,  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  find 
the  other  and  feel  if  the  tail  is  coming  toward  the  uter- 
ine opening.  While  making  these  explorations  it  should 
also  be  noticed  whether  it  is  an  extraordinarily  large 
fetus  or  not,  or  anything  that  may  be  peculiar  about 
it.  And  here  I  may  mention  that  in  my  practice  I 
have  found  one  case  in  which  the  uterus  was  twisted  as 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  61 

seen  in  Fig.  11.  In  tins  case  it  was  impossible  to  intro- 
duce the  hand  or  even  two  fingers.  Of  course  the  case 
terminated  fatally.     This  impediment  is  rare. 


Fig.  11.    Twisted  Uterus. 


It  may  be  found  that  the  fetus  is  very  large  as  a 
whole,  or  parts  of  it  abnormally  large,  as  in  dropsy  of 
the  head,  chest  or  abdomen,  or  from  emphysema  ;  that 
is,  where  decomposing  or  putrefactive  gases  have  been 
generated  in  the  tissues  under  the  skin  of  a  dead  fetus. 
If  there  is  found  to  be  dropsy  of  any  part  of  the  body, 
it  may  be  necessary  to  puncture  the  cavity  and  allow  the 
fluid  to  escape,  when  the  fetus  will  more  nearly  assume 
its  normal  size  and  probably  allow  of  a  fairly  easy  de- 
livery. If  there  is  general  emphysema,  it  will  be  detect- 
ed by  the  skin  having  an  elastic  feel  when  pressed. 
When  this  is  the  case  it  will  often  be  necessary  to  make 


38  BREEDING    OF 

numerous  punctures  through  the  skin.  This  can  bo 
done  by  a  knife  or  any  pointed  instrument.  Where  this 
is  present,  it  will  be  found  that  the  walls  of  the  uterus 
and  vagina  will  be  very  dry  and  it  is  necessary  to  use 
oil  or  grease  freely  before  an  attempt  is  made  to  de- 
liver a  fetus  of  this  description. 

In  this  place  it  may  be  also  mentioned  that  monstros- 
ities are  sometimes  found.  These  vary  in  numerous 
ways,  which  are  exceedingly  interesting  to  the  embryo- 
logist,  but  which  cannot  be  noticed  here.  I  can  only 
give  a  short  description  of  one  of  the  most  interesting 
as  well  as  a  very  rare  specimen  that  I  met  with  several 
years  ago  when  practicing  my  profession  m  an  agricul- 
tural neighborhood.  On  examination  I  found  three 
feet  coming  almost  together.  Passing  my  hand  along 
the  legs,  I  found  that  I  had  two  hind  feet  and  a  fore 
foot.  Groping  further  I  soon  felt  what  apparently  was 
some  of  the  intestines  and  internal  viscera  of  the  fetus. 
Being  all  at  sea  as  to  what  it  meant,  I  followed  up  the 
fore  leg  and  tried  to  find  the  head,  in  which  I  was  un- 
successful, neither  could  I  find  the  other  fore  foot.  I 
expectad  to  have  a  difficult  labor,  so  attached  two  ropes 
to  the  two  hind  legs  and  gave  them  to  assistants.  After 
using  a  quantity  of  oil  to  lubricate  the  parts,  I  ordered 
the  assistants  to  pull  gently  but  firmly,  while  I  attempt- 
ed to  guide  the  fetus  so  that  the  hind  quarters  would 
come  through  the  outlet  all  right.  By  strong  and 
steady  pulling,  together  with  the  efforts  of  the  cow,  a 
successful  delivery  was  accomplished  in  about  ten 
minutes,  when  the  following  fetal  condition  was  seen. 
The  abdominal  and  thoracic  cavities  were  open,  the 
walls  of  which  were  turned  back,  much  like  the  abdo- 
minal walls  of  a  lamb  when  killed  and  dressed  for  the 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  39 

market.  The  diaphragm  was  in  place  and  the  viscera 
in  their  normal  situations,  but  the  neck  was  doubled 
backward  and  the  head  lay  back  on  the  dorsal  portion 
of  the  spine,  which  explained  why  I  had  been  unable  to 
find  it  on  making  the  manual  examination.  I  believe 
the  fetus  had  been  alive  up  to  the  time  of  my  manipu- 
lations, but  probably  died  while  coming  through  the 
outlet  from  pressure  or  perhaps  some  other  cause.  At 
any  rate  it  did  not  breathe  after  being  born.  The  cow 
progressed  in  the  normal  way  after  delivery.  We  will 
now  consider  a  few  of  the  more  common  presentations 
in  which  assistance  is  required, 

If  there  is  a  normal  presentation  and  the  water-bag 
lias  ruptured,  the  operator  can  frequently  cause  a  com- 
plete delivery  by  simply  oiling  the  parts,  taking  hold 
of  the  legs  above  the  feet,  and  pulling  strongly  at  the 
same  time  that  the  animal  has  the  pains.  In  this  man- 
ner the  fetus  comes  nearer  to  complete  expulsion  at 
each  period  of  labor  pains.  If  it  cannot  be  accomplished 
in  this  way,  ropes  or  strong  cords  should  be  applied 
above  the  feet  and  given  to  assistants.  The  operator, 
passing  the  hand  up,  tries  to  place  the  head  in  an  easy 
position  for  exit,  and  he  may  at  the  same  time  use  trac- 
tion on  one  of  the  jaws,  while  the  assistants  exert  trac- 
tion on  the  cords  or  ropes  at  the  time  of  pains,  thus  as- 
sisting delivery. 

FETUS  WITH  FORE=LiriBS  BENT  AT  THE 
KNEE. — Figure  12.  Sometimes  one  knee  only  is  bent, 
at  other  times  both.  This  is  usually  a  difficult  presen- 
tation to  remedy  unless  the  attempt  be  made  early.  The 
hand  should  be  passed  back  alongside  of  the  neck  and 
the  limb  grasped  just  above  the  knee  and  pushed  back, 


40 


BREEDINO    OF 


the  shoulder  elevated  toward  the  ears  of  the  fetus  ;  then 
secure  the  leg  at  the  feltock  and  try  to  bring  it  toward 
the  outlet.  If  both  knees  are  bent,  this  should  be  re- 
peated to  get  both  feet  near  the  opening.  Having 
done  this,  deliver  in  the  way  described  for  normal  pre- 
sentation when  difficult. 


Fig.  12.    Fetus  with  fore-limbs  bent  at  the  knee. 


FORELIHBS  COnPLETELY  BENT  BACK  UN- 
DER.— Figure  13.  In  this  presentation  push  back  the 
foal  or  calf  as  far  as  possible  into  the  uterus,  and  bring 
the  limbs  gradually  toward  the  outlet,  as  recommended 
in  the  last  presentation  (bent  knee).  Then  deliver  in 
the  same  manner  as  normal  presentation. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


41 


Fig.  13.    Fore  limbs  completely  bent  back  uuder. 


Fig  14.    Head  of  fetus  turned  downward. 


HEAD  OF  THE  FETUS  TURNED  DOWNWARD.— 

Pass  the  hand  along  toward  the  nose  of  the  fetus; 
grasp  it  and  lift  the  head  so  as  to  be  able  to  turn  it  to- 
ward the  opening,  and  deliver  as  before  recommended. 


42 


BREED  TNG     OF 


If  there  is  an  upper  deviation  of  the  head,  an  attempt 
must  also  be  made  to  bring  the  nose  toward  the  outlet 
by  bringing  the  head  around.  If  it  is  sideways  the  same 
method  of  procedure  is  indicated. 


Fig  15.    H  jck  presentation  with  cord  attached . 


HOCK  PRESENTATION.— Push  the  fetus  as 
far  as  possible  into  the  uterus.  This  will  be  material- 
ly assisted  by  raising  the  hind  quarters  of  the  dam 
above  the  level  of  the  fore  limbs.  If  possible,  turn 
the  feet  backward  and  let  the  labor  take  place  by  hind 
foot  presentation.  If  necessary,  to  complete  delivery 
ropes  can  be  attached  to  the  legs  and  traction  applied, 
as  already  explained,  by  assistants  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  operator.  If  the  legs  cannot  be  turned 
back  in  this  manner,  ropes  may  be  applied,  as  shown 
in  the  figure,  the  assistants  bringing  the  limbs  as  far 
out  in  the  vagina  as  possible,  when  the  operator  can  with 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  43 

comparative  ease  cut  off  the  limbs  at  the  hocks,  or  at  any 
rate  divide  the  tendons  behind  and  above  the  hock, 
when  the  limbs  will  easily  bend  up  double,  with  the  feet 
close  to  the  styfle.  The  delivery  will  usually  be  ef- 
fected with  comparative  ease. 

I  have  not  mentioned  the  various  instruments  used 
by  veterinarians  to  facilitate  delivery,  as  in  most  cases  it 
would  be  dangerous  for  an  ordinary  operator  to  attempt 
their  use.  In  all  cases  where  the  limbs  are  turned  back 
and  cannot  be  easily  brought  around,  there  should  be 
no  hesitation  in  using  a  great  deal  of  force  to  push 
back  the  body  of  the  fetus,  to  allow  the  limbs  to  be 
turned  the  more  easily.  The  principles  to  be  observed 
in  effecting  delivery  are  purely  mechanical,  and  allow 
a  considerable  degree  of  latitude  in  the  selection  of  ap- 
pliances to  aid  the  natural  powers  of  the  mother. 

BREAKING  AND  TRAINING  OF  COLTS. 

It  is  a  very  simple  matter  to  break  and  train  colts 
when  the  handling  is  begun  at  a  sufficiently  early  age 
and  the  earlier  the  education  of  the  future  horse  begins, 
the  easier  will  be  the  task.  However,  on  account  of  the 
breaking  taking  up  more  time  than  the  ordinary  bree- 
der is  willing  to  give  to  it  at  an  early  age,  it  often  oc- 
curs that  colts  are  not  broken  until  they  are  two  or 
three  years  old.  The  breeder  has  now  a  very  difficult 
problem  to  deal  with,  for  if  he  makes  a  serious  mistake, 
it  is  likely  that  his  colt  will  turn  out  a  run-away,  a 
kicker,  or  evince  his  vicious  propensity  in  other  ways. 
We  will  therefore  consider  first,  the  proper  steps  to  take 
to  properly  bring  up  a  colt  so  that  he  will  be  a  quiet, 
tractable  animal,  and  therefore  very  desirable  to  own. 


44  BREEDING    OF 

It  will  be  found  that  on  account  of  great  difference  in 
disposition,  temperament,  tractability,  docility  and  in- 
telligence, colts  will  require  various  means  to  educate 
them  to  become  useful  horses.  Some  are  naturally  stu- 
pid and  difficult  to  teach  ;  others  are  very  nervous,  and 
everything  strange  alarms  them;  others  are  stubborn 
and  perverse  ;  each  requiring  to  be  handled  according 
to  its  temperament  and  tendency.  The  two  governing 
principles  with  the  handler  should  be  kindness  and 
firmness. 

Begin  to  break  the  colt  to  the  halter  when  a  few 
weeks  old,  and  get  him  so  that  he  will  lead  easily. 
Bun  the  hands  down  over  his  legs  occasionally  and 
after  a  time  lift  his  fore  feet  one  after  another  for  a  few 
moments.  In  this  way  you  will  get  him  used  to  being 
handled  in  various  parts  of  the  body  without  any  fear 
of  his  being  harmed.  Having  done  this,  it  will  be  a 
great  help  to  the  horse-shoer  when  he  is  taken  to  the 
shop  to  be  shod  for  the  first  time  ;  and  he  should  be 
taken  at  a  time  when  no  other  horses  are  around,  or 
only  one  or  two,  so  that  he  will  not  be  apt  to  get  rest- 
less and  excited  while  waiting  to  be  shod,  for,  on  ac- 
count of  the  strange  noises  made  by  the  hammer  on  the 
anvil,  etc.,  colts  are  often  wrought  up  to  a  high 
pitch  of  excitement  previous  to  the  beginning  of  the 
shoeing  operation.  It  may  be  well  to  give  spirited  colts 
a  considerable  amount  of  exercise  before  taking  them 
to  the  shop,  to  make  them  more  tractable  to  the  manipu- 
lations of  the  horse-shoer.  Neither  should  any  colt  be 
placed  in  the  stall  alongside  of  a  kicker,  cribber,  wind- 
sucker,  weaver,  or  horse  with  other  visible  vices,  as  they 
are  often  imitated  in  an  incredibly  short  space  of  time.  I 
have  known  a  cribber  placed  alongside  of  another  horse 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


45 


for  only  one  night  and  the  other  horse  to  become  an 
incurable  cribber  within  a  few  days  afterward.  Young 
colts  should  not  be  overworked,  as  it  often  causes  them 
to  become  apathetic,  lazy,  and  sometimes  vicious,  be- 
sides being  a  cause  of  various  diseases. 


Fig.  10.    Leg  strap. 


Fig.  17.    Horse  showing  leg-strap  applied. 


We  will  now  consider  what  is  best  to  be  done  with  a 
colt  that  proves  to  be  unmanageable,  when  ordinary 
means  are  used  to  get  him  broken.     We  will  suppose 


43  BREEDING    OF 

that  the  breaker  has  succeeded  in  getting  on  an  ordin- 
aiy  halter,  but  that  the  colt  refuses  to  be  led,  or  has 
broken  away  from  the  man  as  soon  as  he  gained  the 
open  air.  He  must  be  returned  to  the  stable  again. 
At  the  end  of  the  halter  should  be  tied  an  extra  rope 
about  20  or  30  feet  long.  The  breaker  should  take  in 
his  hand  a  rope  about  5  feet  long  with  a  loop  in  one 
end,  or  what  is  better,  a  stirrup  strap  or  breeching 
strap  of  a  single  harness,  or  the  leg  strap  seen  in  Fig. 
16,  and  advancing  carefully  alongside  the  colt  or  vi- 
cious horse,  pat  him  gently  on  the  neck  and  shoulders 
for  some  minutes,  gradually  but  steadily  working  his 
way  with  his  caresses  toward  the  fetlock  of  the  fore  leg. 
Now  attempt  to  lift  the  foot  and  put  it  down  again, 
repeating  this  operation  3  or  4  times,  each  time  keeping 
the  foot  suspended  longer  than  before.  Having  to 
some  extent  gained  his  confidence,  try  to  pass  the  rope 
or  strap  around  the  fetlock,  and  when  the  foot  is  lifted 
again,  secure  the  strap  by  tightly  buckling  around  the 
arm.  If  a  rope  is  used,  it  should  be  secured  by  a 
half-hitch  bow-knot,  so  that  if  the  necessity  occurs  the 
rope  can  be  slackened  immediately,  which  could  not  be 
done  if  a  proper  half-hitch  knot  were  used.  Now  the 
horse  will  begin  to  plunge  and  move  around  lively — 
even  if  he  is  on  three  legs — and  the  breaker  should 
keep  at  a  respectful  distance,  with  a  good  hold  of  the 
rope  at  the  end  of  the  halter  shank,  trying  to  steer  or 
drive  him  toward  the  door  into  the  open  yard  or  lot. 
Of  course  it  will  be  best  to  get  him  on  to  a  field  where 
the  ground  is  soft,  although  there  is  no  danger  of  the 
horse  injuring  himself  when  restrained  in  this  manner, 
but  sooner  or  later  he  will  probably  lie  down,  and  as  it 
will  be  best  to  give  him  a  large  amount  of  3-legged 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  47 

exercise,  let  him  run  as  much  as  he  is  inclined  to,  oc- 
casionally giving  him  a  sudden  pull  around  by  tugging 
strongly  at  the  halter  shank,  just  to  let  him  feel  that 
he  is  under  control.  After  giving  him  time  to  become 
a  little  fagged,  gather  the  rope  up  slowly  toward  the 
head,  and  as  soon  as  he  will  allow  it,  pat  him  on  the 
neck  and  body,  gradually  working  your  way  so  as  to 
handle  the  hind  quarters  and  limbs.  If  he  suddenly 
starts  up  and  tries  to  jump  away  from  you,  give  him 
some  more  running  around,  until  he  will  let  you  handle 
him  all  over.  He  should  be  thoroughly  tired  out  before 
being  allowed  to  get  on  all  four  feet  again.  He  must 
also  be  willing  to  allow  the  breaker  to  get  around  him 
without  showing  fear.  Now  let  down  the  foot,  and  try 
to  lead  him  around  gently  for  some  time,  which  will 
usually  be  accomplished  without  trouble.  I  have  never 
yet  found  a  horse  that  I  have  been  unable  to  secure  in 
this  manner,  although  I  have  handled  a  large  number 
of  wild  mustangs  and  other  vicious  horses.  It  may  be 
necessary  to  repeat  this  operation  the  next  day  and  for 
several  days  afterward,  if  the  animal  is  stubbornly  vi- 
cious. I  believe  it  is  possible  to  tame  any  horse  by  this 
means  if  it  is  persevered  in  for  several  days.  Another 
method  for  securing  a  vicious  animal,  and  in  fact  any 
horse  that  is  liable  to  be  dangerous  to  the  attendant, 
and  also  one  that  will  be  very  useful  when  having  to 
perform  small  operations  on  the  quarters  or  hind  limbs, 
as  sewing  up  wounds  or  firing,  is  to  place  a  strap  on 
the  front  leg,  as  described  above  and  shown  in  Fig.  16, 
In  addition  apply  a  side-line,  to  the  hind  fetlock,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  18,  having  the  rope  brought  around  to  the 
front  and  held  by  an  assistant.  This  will  also  prevent 
the  horse  from  rearing.     It  will  be  found  that  no  matter 


48 


BREEDING    QF 


liow  vicious  the  horse  may  be  he  is  comparatively  pow- 
erless for  mischief  when  this  is  applied,  and  the  oper- 
ator will  be  quite  safe  even  when  placed  behind  the 
hind  limb.  These  will  be  all  the  special  appliances 
necessary  to  be  used  in  breaking  even  the  most  refrac- 
tory animals 


Fig.  is.    Hind-limb  secured  by  a  sideline. 


It  is  well  in  this  place  to  introduce  a  common,  and 
it  may  be  said,  a  very  convenient  method  for  throwing 
horses,  a  method  that  can  also  be  used  on  vicious 
horses  when  the  necessity  for  throwing  them  arises.  A 
drawing  of  this  is  seen  in  Fig.  19.  As  will  be  seen,  the 
only  special  apparatus  required  is  a  strong  rope  about 
25  to  30  feet  long,  such  as  can  be  found  on  every  farm. 
This  should  be  doubled,  and  about  two  or  three  feet 
from  the  bend  a  knot  is  tied,  as  seen  at  A.  This  forms 
a  loop,  which  should  be  large  enough  to  encircle  the 
neck  like  a  collar.     It  will  be  well  now  to  strap  up  the 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


49 


fore  foot  as  seen  in  Fig.  16  previously  described 
Then,  having  chosen  a  soft  place,  carry  the  ropes  back 
under  the  breast,  between  the  fore  legs  and  between 
the  hind  legs  around  below  the  fetlock,  then  bring 
them  forward,  one  on  each  side,  and  through  the  loop. 
Two  assistants  should  take  the  rope  on  each  side  with 
one  man  at  the  head.  By  pulling  on  the  ropes  the  ani- 
mal will  soon  be  taken  off  his  legs  and  fall  down,  when 
the  man  at  the  head  should  immediately  place  the 
weight  of  his  body  on  it  to  prevent  struggling.  The 
ropes  can  be  securely  fastened  and  the  casting  com- 
pleted at  the  will  of  the  operator. 


Fig.  19.    Rope  arranged  for  throwing  Horses. 


This  will  be  very  convenient  as  a  means  of  restraining 
animals  on  farms  at  a  distance  from  towns  where  hobbles 
might  be  obtained,  as  some  horses  will  not  allow  even 
the  stitching  up  of  small  wounds  without  being  thrown. 


50  TRAINING    OF 

Second.  Having  got  the  horse  or  colt  under  control 
for  leading  pmvposes,  it  will  be  well  to  put  on  a  bridle 
and  get  him  used  to  having  a  bit  in  the  mouth,  wearing 
it  for  some  time  each  day,  and  gradually  get  him  used 
to  being  led  by  the  bit.  Care  should  be  taken  that  the 
bit  is  not  buckled  too  high  in  the  mouth  ;  also  avoid 
sudden  jerking,  as  it  is  apt  to  bruise  the  gums,  which 
are  now  very  tender.  This  is  probably  the  most  fre- 
quent cause  of  bad  mouths.  If  farmers  could  only  ap- 
preciate the  enormous  losses  in  value  that  occurs  in  the 
best  grade  of  horses  through  this  circumstance,  I  am 
sure  they  would  be  more  careful  than  they  now  are  to 
keep  the  mouth  in  as  perfect  a  condition  as  possible.  If 
they  will  once  grasp  the  fact  that  their  best  interest 
centres  in  breeding  horses  for  carriage  purposes,  in- 
stead of  raising  them  with  a  little  speed  and  less 
size,  in  the  hope  that  lightning  will  strike  them  and 
make  fast  trotters  of  them,  they  will  be  in  a  fair  way  to 
get  a  good  price  for  them.  In  order  to  get  a  good 
price  for  a  horse  for  carriage  driving  he  must  be  of 
good  size,  well  formed  with  a  good  head  and  neck,  a 
good  mouth  and  sound.  A  breeder  need  not  look  for  cus- 
tomers for  such  stock,  for  dealers  in  fine  horses  are  con- 
tinually scouring  the  country  in  search  of  them.  It 
is  really  surprising  to  see  the  large  number  of  other- 
wise valuable  carriage  horses  that  arrive  in  New  York 
every  year,  with  spoiled  mouths,  which  by  bad  training 
become  pullers  and  have  to  be  sold  at  an  uncommonly 
low  figure  to  be  used  at  some  common  every  day  ser- 
vice. Now,  if  it  is  proposed  to  make  a  harness  horse  of 
the  colt,  the  harness  should  be  placed  on  him  and  al- 
lowed to  stay  on  for  some  time,  while  the  attendant 
handles  it  in  various  ways — pulling  at  the  traces  and 


HORSES. 


51 


tugs,  tightening  the  breeching,  etc.  This  should  be  re- 
peated a  few  times  before  hitching  up  the  animal.  The 
colt  should  now  be  placed  in  a  two-wheeled  cart,  and  a 
kicking  strap  applied.  It  is  usually  good  policy  to  al- 
low the  colt  to  stand  still  until  he  moves  off  of  his  own 
free  will ;  then  to  move  along  slowly  being  gradually 
made  to  feel  the  bit  and  to  go  slower  or  faster  by 
gently  tightening  or  slackening  the  reins.  This  pro- 
cess to  be  repeated  every  day  until  he  is  quite  tractable 
to  all  changes  of  vehicle  or  grade  of  road. 

In  regard  to  the  training  of  running  or  trotting 
horses,  there  can  be  no  regular  rule  laid  down,  as  each 
horse  will  have  to  get  a  special  and  individual  treat- 
ment, in  order  to  get  the  very  best  results  from  his 
training.  In  general  terms  it  can  be  said  that  the  most 
successful  race  horses  are  those  that  have  a  perfect  di- 
gestion, and  that  have  the  power  thereby  of  changing 
the  stored-up  force  or  energy  that  is  contained  in  a 
large  amount  of  food,  into  active  and  potential  force,  so 
that  some  of  our  most  noted  running  horses  take  daily 
from  15  to  20  quarts  of  oats,  and  keep  in  the  most  per- 
fect condition  when  taking  even  such  large  quantities. 
Then  again  some  horses  require  from  8  to  12  miles  of  a 
canter  while  others  will  <only  stand  a  quarter  of  this 
amount,  yet  will  win  some  very  fast  races  for  short  dis- 
tances. The  rule  is,  however,  that  the  animal  that  will 
stand  the  most  severe  work  in  training  is  the  animal 
that  wins  large  amounts  of  money.  William  Day,  the 
celebrated  English  trainer  of  race  horses,  lays  down 
the  following  valuable  rule  :  "  If  a  young  colt  that  is 
trained  or  exercised  along  side  of  an  old  horse  has  not 
passed  him  when  near  the  end  of  his  trial,  the  old  horse 
should  be  held  up  to  allow  the  young  colt  to  get  cou- 


52  MANAGEMENT    OF 

rage  and  confidence  in  himself."  This  rule  will  also  be 
advantageously  applied  to  trotting  horses.  Mr.  Day 
adds  :  "Many  horses  are  made  rogues  by  a  violation  of 
the  above  rule."  and  by  the  abusive  use  of  whip  and 
spur  on  two-year-old  colts. 


MANAGEMENT   OF  THE   HORSE. 

STABLE  — This  should  be  roomy,  with  high  ceilings 
and  good  ventilation.  The  temperature  should  be  kept 
as  near  60  degrees,  Fah.,  as  possible,  but  heat  should 
not  be  preserved  at  the  expense  of  ventilation.  It  is 
much  better  to  keep  your  animals  warm  by  extra  cloth- 
ing, than  to  keep  them  warm  in  a  hot,  close  stable, 
with  no  adequate  means  of  ventilation.  A  cold  stable 
is  also  to  be  prefered  to  one  that  is  too  hot. 

FOOD.  — The  principle  of  feeding,  is  to  feed  on  such 
food  and  in  such  quantity  and  manner  as  will  maintain 
the  horse  in  the  most  perfect  health  possible,  having 
regard  to  the  service  required  of  it.  Some  foods  are 
much  more  easily  digested  than  others.  It  has  been 
calculated  that  only  20  per  cent,  of  wheat  straw  is  diges- 
ted as  compared  with  76  per  cent,  of  hay.  A  healthy, 
strong  horse  can  digest  much  more  food  and  quicker 
than  a  weakly  one,  and  a  sick  horse  may  have  its  diges- 
tive powers  seriously  enfeebled,  while  hardship  and  fa- 
tigue have  the  same  effect. 

Food  that  has  much  dirt  mixed  with  it  may  cause 
colic,  indigestion,  etc.  Food  that  has  become  mouldy, 
from  imperfect  preservation  or  otherwise,  is  less  nutri- 
tious and  less  digestible  than  clean  food  and  is,  besides, 
a  frequent  cause  of  colic,  diarrhea,  diabetes,  skin  dis- 


HORSES.  58 

eases,  paralysis  and  abortion  in  breeding  animals.  A 
sudden  change  from  dry  to  green  food  often  causes 
diarrhea,  as  also  does  new  hay  or  oats,  and  especially  is 
this  the  case  with  horses  that  are  kept  for  fast  work. 
On  the  contrary,  a  change  of  diet  from  green  food  to  a 
dry  and  comparatively  indigestible  food  will  often  cause 
constipation  and  indigestion,  with  other  complications 
as  a  result,  This  is  very  frequently  seen  in  the  change 
of  food  that  is  given  to  horses  when  taken  from  the  ru- 
ral districts  to  large  cities. 

COOKING  FOOD. — There  are  several  reasons  why 
the  dry  foods  used  for  feeding  the  domestic  animals 
should  be  cooked.  First,  is  that  of  economy,  the  saving- 
being  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five  per  cent,  besides  less- 
ening the  tendency  to  disease,  and  consequent  loss 
thereby.  It  has  also  been  proven  that  animals  fed  with 
steam  cooked  food,  take  on  fat  much  faster  than  those 
that  are  fed  on  the  same  quantity  of  dry  uncooked  food 
showing  that  a  considerable  saving  can  be  made  in 
time  required  for  fattening  animals  for  market,  and  al- 
lowing the  owner  to  dispose  of  them  sooner  than  if  dry 
fed,  thus  saving  the  feed  that  would  be  required  to  be 
given  if  kept  feeding  for  a  longer  time. 

Second.  It  would  allow  of  the  safe  feeding  of  food 
that  had  been  partly  spoiled  by  being  improperly  cured 
— that  is,  mildewed — and  containing  the  various  fungi 
in  large  quantities.  Musty  hay  and  oats  could  be  mixed 
with  other  materials  and  when  properly  steamed  would 
be  perfectly  harmless  and  wholesome.  Various  appara- 
tus are  used,  mostly  consisting  of  an  iron  boiler  with 
a  connecting  furnace  and  tubes  for  conducting  the 
steam  to  the  tubs  containing  the  food  to  be  cooked. 
It  requires   little   or  no   attention   and   a  very  small 


54 


MANAGEMENT    OF 


amount  of  fuel  will  suffice  to  cook  food  for  100  horses. 
The  price  of  the  various  apparatus  ranges  from  fifty  to 
two  hundred  dollars. 

GROOillNG.— The  beauty,  health  and  vigor  of  the 
horse  are  largely  dependent  on  the  condition  of  the 
skin.  To  harden  the  skin  under  a  saddle  or  collar 
where  there  is  apt  to  be  very  profuse  perspiration, 
there  should  be  applied,  after  taking  off  the  harness,  a 
diluted  solution  of  Heard's  Dermal  Liniment,  as  di- 
rected on  the  label. 


REMEDY   FOR   TEARING  THE   CLOTHING. 


Fig.  20.    Remedy  for  tearing  the  clothing. 


In  figure  20  is  shown  a  good  remedy  for  the  preven- 
tion of  the  habit  of  tearing  the  clothing. 


HORSES.  55 

CLIPPING. — This  prevents  undue  perspiration  in 
horses  that  are  worked  hard,  and  they  are  less  subject 
to  colds  than  horses  with  long  coats.  This  is  explained 
by  the  fact  that  horses  that  have  long  coats  perspire 
very  readily  when  working.  The  perspiration  does  not 
quickly  evaporate  through  the  hair,  and  the  coat  be- 
comes saturated  and  hangs  on  the  animal  in  much  the 
same  manner  as  would  a  wet  blanket  on  a  man.  Exper- 
ience has  proved  to  me  in  a  large  number  of  instances 
that  clipping  horses  is  a  great  hygienic  improvement 
on  the  old-fashioned  way  of  allowing  the  old  coat  to 
remain  on  until  spring. 

LOSS  of  KNEE  ACTION.— This  sometimes  occurs 
as  a  result  of  some  acute  disease.  It  is  also  frequently 
caused  by  working  a  young  animal  too  hard,  and  I  have 
frequently  had  my  patrons  say  :  "I  gave  one  thousand 
or  twelve  hundred  .dollars  for  that  team,  and  when  I 
bought  it  six  months  ago  it  had  splendid  action  ;  now 
it  looks  like  a  pair  of  old  hack  horses."  On  inquiry  I 
have  found  that  the  horses  which  are  probably  only  5 
years  old,  have  been  in  the  carriage  for  3,  4,  or  5  hours 
a  day.  The  reason  they  have  lost  their  stylish  action 
is  that  the  wear  on  the  nervous  system  has  been  more 
than  the  supply  of  nerve  producing  elements  would 
justify.  This  is  also  the  case  when  good  action  dis- 
appears after  sickness.  And  I  may  say  here  that  this 
alone  explains  why  some  horses  lose  their  speed  after  a 
severe  attack  of  illness.  It  is  my  opinion  that  speed 
and  fine  action  depend  much  more  on  the  quality  of 
development  of  the  nervous  system  than  it  does  on 
muscular  development. 


r-i    <r»    eo 


PART  II.     DISEASES. 

During  a  very  busy  practice  as  a  veterinarian  for  the 
past  27  years,  some  of  the  early  part  of  which  was 
spent  as  veterinarian  to  the  Third  Avenue  Street  Rail- 
road Co.  (2,100  horses),  the  Bleecker  Street  Railroad  Co. 
(GOO  horses),  the  Knickerbocker  Ice  Co.  (400  horses), 
and  the  New  York  Transfer  Co.  (400  horses),  I  have 
naturally  had  the  opportunity — seldom  offered  to  vet- 
erinarians of  the  present  day — to  study  in  a  practical 
manner  the  nature  of  all  the  various  diseased  conditions 
to  which  horses  are  subject,  and  to  demonstrate  by  ex- 
periment the  efficacy  of  the  various  means  of  treatment 
for  the  cure  of  each  disease.  This  has  been  rendered 
all  the  more  easy  of  accomplishment  by  my  early  train- 
ing in  the  sciences  of  Chemistry  and  Animal  Physiology, 
in  each  of  which  branches  I  received  a  government 
prize,  given  by  the  Science  and  Art  department  of  the 
administration  in  Great  Britain.  Neither  have  I  neg- 
lected the  opportunity  that  this  city  affords  of  keeping 
up  to  date  in  the  line  of  progress,  having  taken  the 
special  course  in  Pathology  that  is  offered  at  the  New 
York  Polyclinic  Post  Graduate  Medical  School.  Having 
done  a  large  amount  of  work  in  Chemical  and  Patho- 
logical laboratories,  I  have  had  opportunities ,  that  fall 
to  the  lot  of  but  few  veterinarians. 

In  the  few  following  pages  I  shall  attempt  to  give 
the  stock  owner  the  benefit  of  my  past  experience  as 
well  as  the  best  instruction  that  is  offered  by  other  au- 
thors in  the  treatment  of  diseases. 


58  DISEASES     OF 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  give  a  detailed  account  of 
the  various  diseases  to  which  the  domestic  animals  are 
subject,  as  that  would  require  seveial  volumes,  each  sev- 
eral times  the  size  of  this  book.  I  shall  aim,  however, 
to  give  a  short  description  of  the  causes,  symptoms,  the 
best  means  of  treatment,  and  the  directions  to  be  car- 
ried out,  in  language  that  may  be  easily  understood  by 
any  one  who  is  in  the  habit  of  handling  stock.  Neither 
shall  I  take  up  the  reader's  time  by  describing  those 
rare  diseases  that  are  often  only  met  with  once  or  twice 
in  the  lifetime  of  very  busy  veterinarians. 

To  make  it  easy  for  the  ordinary  reader  to  find  a  de- 
scription of  the  disease  that  his  animal  may  be  suffering 
from,  I  shall  divide  the  subject  into  the  following  heads  : 
Diseases  of  bones  and  joints,  contagious  diseases,  dis- 
eases of  the  resjnratory  system,  diseases  of  the  diges- 
tive system,  diseases  of  the  urinary  organs,  constitu- 
tional diseases,  injuries,  abnormalities  of  teeth,  and 
parasites. 

DISEASES  OF  BONES  AND  JOINTS. 
SORE   SHIN5. 

This  is  a  disease  that  the  majority  of  running  horses 
are  subject  to,  and  usually  occurs  soon  after  the 
beginning  of  severe  training.  In  this  disease  we 
have  an  inflammation  of  the  metacarpal  or  cannon  bone 
and  its  fibrous  covering. 

Causes. — Violent  concussion,  such  as  the  race-horse 
is  subject  to  while  the  structures  are  in  a  young  and 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


59 


tender  condition  and  easily  the  subject  of  change,  when 
conditions  are  unfavorable  to  the  normal  development 
of  the  bone.  Winter  training  is  particularly  adapted 
to  act  as  a  cause  of  sore  shins,  on  account  of  the  severe 
concussions  to  which  horses  are  subject  when  galloped 
on  frozen  ground. 

Symptoms  — Lameness  in  one  or  both  limbs,  after 
becoming  very  pronounced  in  a  day  or  two,  slight  swell- 
ing, usually  beginning  on  the  front  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  metacarpal  bone 
and  sometimes  extending  upward, 
and  to  the  sides.  This  swelling  will 
have  a  doughy  feel.  There  will  be  a 
good  deal  of  .tenderness  on  pressure 
being  applied.  When  very  severe 
there  is  some  fever  and  occasionally  a 
loss  of  appetite. 

Treatment. — If  the  disease  is  dis- 
covered early,  the  leg  should  be  placed 
in  a  bucket  of  hot  water — as  warm  as 
can  be  comfortably  borne  by  the  hand 
— and  renewed  as  often  as  required,  to 
be  continued  for  two  or  three  hours, 
after  which  Heard's  American  Embro- 
cation should  be  well  rubbed  in  and  a 
wToolen  bandage  applied.  This  treat- 
ment to  be  repeated  in  twelve  hours 
and  continued  until  the  skin  gets 
somewhat  roughened — the  same  as 
in  a  very  light  blister.  This  will  usually  be  much  bet- 
ter than  blistering,  because  the  soothing  influence  is 
more  continuously  applied.  When  severe,  it  is  also  ad- 
visable to  give  a  cathartic  ball  containing  four  or  five 


Fig.  22.     Metacarpal 

bone  showing  effects 

of  sore  shins. 


GO 


DISEASES     OF 


drams   of   Aloes.      The    diet   should  be  somewhat  re- 
stricted. 

In  figure  22  is  seen  a  drawing  of  the  results  on  the 
metacarpal  bone  of  a  severe  attack  of  sore  shins.  It 
will  be  seen  that  the  bone  is  very  much  roughened  from 
the  extensive  inflammation. 


SPLINTS. 


Splints  are  tumors  of  the  metacarpal  bones.  They 
are  peculiar  to  the  inside  of  the  leg,  and  are  usually 
situated  from  the  middle  of  the  metacarpal  to  two  inches 
below  the  knee. 

Cmtses. — In  the  evolution  of  the  horse  from  three 
toes  to  one  toe,  the  two  side  toes  have  gradually  tended 
to  become  united  to  the  center  toe  (see  figure  23). 


Fig.  23.    Showing  toes  of  the  ancestors  of  the  horse. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  61 

The  transformation  to  the  one-toed  animal  is  not  even 
yet  complete,  for  the  young  horse  has  quite  a  respectable 
remnant  of  the  two  lateral  toes  still  in  existence.  This 
is  true  also  of  fetal  life.  But  it  may  be  asserted  that 
the  horse  is  fast  arriving  at  the  stage  where  there  will 
be  no  separate  splint  bones,  and  therefore  no  necessity 
for  them  to  become  consolidated  in  order  to  have  a 
stronger  toe  to  stand  the  great  weight  and  severe 
strains  and  concussion  of  hard  work. 

Splints  may  be  considered  as  additions  of  bony  mat- 
erial to  the  leg,  thrown  out  by  nature  to  strengthen  the 
limb  that  has  been  found  too  weak  to  withstand  the  la- 
bor required  of  it.  The  addition  of  this  material  is 
sometimes  carried  on  so  gradually  that  no  lameness  re- 
sults, while  at  other  times,  especially  when  young 
horses  are  put  to  violent  exercise,  an  intense  inflamma- 
tion is  set  up  and  great  lameness  is  the  result,  which 
sometimes  continues  for  several  weeks,  or  until  the 
process  of  deposition  of  the  new  bone  is  completed. 
We  may  safely  say,  therefore,  that  inheritance  and  ac- 
tive straining  or  concussion  are  the  great  causes  of 
splint  lameness. 

Symptoms. — If  they  develop  very  slowly,  it  will  fre- 
quently be  noticed  that  splints  will  be  found  on  the  in- 
side of  the  leg  without  the  owner  having  observed  any 
lameness  or  other  symptoms  that  indicated  disease  of 
the  limb.  If  it  is  caused  by  active  concussion,  there 
will  often  be  considerable  pain  on  pressure,  and  great 
lameness,  which  is  more  pronounced  when  going  down 
hill. 

Treatment. — When  detected  early,  the  horse  should 
be  taken  from  work  and  an  application  of  Heakd's  Ameri- 


G2  DISEASES    OF 

can  Embrocation  made  twice  a  day,  rub  in  well  and  ap- 
ply a  piece  of  sponge  or  rag  which  has  been  soaked  in 
the  Embrocation,  retaining  it  with  a  flannel  bandage. 
In  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  this  will  effect  a  cure  in  from 
two  to  four  weeks.  In  cases  that  resist  these  compara- 
tively mild  measures,  recourse  should  be  had  to  the  fir- 
ing iron,  followed  by  a  cantharides  blister.  I  have 
found  two  or  three  cases  in  which  on  post-mortem  ex- 
amination, small  bony  tumors  with  sharp  edges  01 
points  something  like  a  knife,  have  grown  out  at  the 
back  of  the  metacarpal  bone,  and  of  course,  right  under 
the  suspensory  ligament,  causing  lameness  whenevei 
the  animal  was  subjected  to  labor.  In  those  cases  it 
was  impossible  to  discover  the  cause  of  the  lameness, 
and  it  would  have  been  useless  to  have  attempted  a 
cure  even  if  the  cause  had  been  discovered.  A  horse 
that  has  perfectly  sound  action  should  not  be  considered 
unsound  because  splints  are  present ;  on  the  contrary. 
Uie  limb  is  certainly  stronger  after  the  so-called  splint 
has  become  fully  developed,  than  t  was  previous  to  thf 
beginning  of  the  growth. 


SPAVIN. 


In  this  place  we  shall  treat  of  the  diseases  known  as 
bone-spavin  only,  leaving  the  consideration  of  bog  and 
blood-spavins  for  notice  in  another  place. 

It  has  usually  been  considered  that  the  enlargement 
which  occurs  on  the  inside  of  the  hock  joint  constitutes 
the  disease  known  as  bone-spavin.     This  narrow  inter- 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


63 


pretation  lias  been  a  fruitful  cause  of  dissension  among 
veterinarians,  and  a  source  of  a  great  deal  of  litigation 
between  buyers  and  sellers  of  horses.  It  will  be  my 
aim  to  make  the  description  of  the  changes  that  take 
jnace  in  the  hock  joint — as  a  result  of  disease  leading 
to  the  enlargement  called  spavin — so  plain  that  the  or- 
dinary reader  will  have  a  tolerably  clear  perception  of 
them.  As  will  be  seen  in  Fig.  24,  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  small  bones  entering  into  the 
formation  of  the  hock  joint  (in  the 
young  animal  there  are  9),  Between 
those  various  bones  there  is  very  little 
motion  at  any  time,  yet  it  may  be  as- 
serted that  in  the  normal  condition 
some  motion  is  allowed.  The  bones 
are  held  together  by  a  strong  kind  of 
fibre — a  kind  of  gristle.  It  quite 
frequently  happens  that  from  some 
cause  or  other  an  inflammation  is 
started  in  either  the  bones  themselves  or 
in  the  fibrous  structures  Avhich  hold 
them  together.  If  this  inflammation 
becomes  extensive,or  is  long  continued, 
one  of  two  things  happens :  either 
portions  of  the  bone  or  bones  ulcerate 
and  waste  away,  causing  what  is 
known  as  necrosis,  or  the  opposite  condition  is  the 
result,  viz:  that  there  is  new  material  of  a  bony  nature 
added  to  existing  structures,  filling  up  the  space  be- 
tween the  bones  and  of  course  destroying  what  little 
motion  is  normally  present.    Now,  we  can  have  this  con- 


rig.  2t.     Hind  leg 

showing  bones 

of  hock. 


()4  DISEASES     OF 

dition  of  new  bone  formation  between  other  bones  oc- 
cur in  any  part  of  the  hock  joint.      Sometimes   its  ex- 
tension from  the  point  of  beginning  to  other  bones  in 
the  joint  is  extremely  slow.  AVe  can  also  have  this  bony 
material  thrown  out  between  any  two  of  the  bones,  and 
as  can  be  readily   understood,  without  any  extra  en- 
largement outside  of  the  joint.      We  may,  in  fact,  have 
severe  and  long-continued  lameness  from  inflammation 
or  ulceration  occuring  all  through  the  joint  between 
the  various  bones,  and  yet  have  no  external  enlarge- 
ment.      This,  then,  is  why  there  is  such  a  variety  of 
opinion  on  the  subject  of  the  presence   or  absence  of 
spavin  iu  horses  that  are  lame  in  the  hind  limb.      I 
have  made  a  dissection  in  which  all  the  bones  entering 
into  the  formation  of  the  hock  joint  were  joined  togeth- 
er as   if  in  one  bone,  and  in  which  there    was  only  a 
small   amount   of  enlargement  on  the   surface  of  the 
bones  where  the  so-called  spavin  is  usually  situated. 
In  this  place  we  shall  call  all  cases  spavin  where  there 
is  an  inflammation,  or  its  results  (which  usually  lead  to 
a  new  bony  formation)  in  any  part  of  the  hock  joint, 
whether  there  is  an  enlargement  on  the  surface  of  the 
bones  or  not.     It  can  now  be  seen  that  the  enlargement 
is  apt  to  occur  on  almost  any  part  of  the  surface  of  the 
bones  of  the  hock.      It  is  found,  however,  that  in  most 
cases  the  new  growth  is  situated  on  the  inside  of  the 
hock  ;  very  rarely  on  the  outside.      This  is  accounted 
for  by  the  inside  of  the  limb  being  more  under  the  cen- 
tre of  gravity,  and  apparently  having  to  take  more  of 
the   concussion  than  the   outside.      Probably  for  the 
same  reason  the  front  of  the  inside  is  more  frequently 
the  subject  of  spavin  than  is  the   surface   toward  the 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  65 

back  of  the  joint.  Professor  Williams  says  :  "We  can 
now  understand  why  the  external  deposit  is  not  the 
cause,  but  the  result  of  the  disease.  So  long  as  the 
ulcerated  surfaces  of  the  bones  are  unrepaired,  the 
lameness  will  remain,  but  when  the  bones  are  united 
together  (anchylosed)  so  as  to  form  one  bone  and  per- 
forming the  functions  of  one  bone,  the  lameness  disap- 
pears, and  the  new  material  becomes  as  one  of  the  es- 
sential structures  of  the  body. " 

Causes. — Inheritance  is  perhaps  the  greatest  cause. 
Hard  work  at  an  early  age  is  also  a  frequent  cause.  In 
young  horses,  where  the  growth  is  not  yet  completed, 
the  natural  condition  of  the  structures  of  the  body  is 
very  easily  upset,  and  diseased  cl^racters  arise.  It  is 
also  found  that  horses  with  small  hocks  are  more  fre- 
quently the  subject  of  spavin  lameness  than  those  that 
are  known  as  coarse  hocked.  Sprain  of  the  fibrous 
ligaments,  situated  between  the  bones  of  the  hock,  and 
concussion  of  the  bones — setting  up  an  inflammation  in 
the  bones  themselves — are  the  most  frequent  active 
causes.  External  violence  may  also  be  a  cause.  In 
many  cases  animals  are  foaled  with  one  hock  formed 
somewhat  different  from  the  other,  and  it  will  remain 
larger  than  the  other,  and  no  disease  will  be  present, 
so  that  a  horse  is  not  necessarily  spavined  because  one 
hock  is  larger  than  the  other.  A  remark  of  Percivall 
may  be  quoted  here:  "Spavin,  like  splint  and  other 
transformations  of  soft,  elastic  tissues  into  bone,  may  be 
regarded  as  nature's  means  of  fortification  against  more 
serious  failures." 

Symptoms. — Perhaps  the  most  constant  symptom  is 
the  tendency  to  stand  on  the  toe  with  the  heel  elevated 
5 


66  DISEASES     OF 

when  resting;  the  horse  usually  moves  very  stiff  or  lame 
for  the  first  few  minutes,  which  passes  off  in  many  in- 
stances after  travelling  a  mile  or  so.  If  the  inflammation 
has  extended  to  the  surface,  there  will  be  pain  on  pres- 
sure; later,  there  will  probably  be  some  enlargement. 
It  will  be  found,  however,  that  the  symptoms  of  spavin 
vary  considerably  and  depend  on  the  situation  of  the 
diseased  part,  and  the  amount  of  destruction  of  normal 
tissues  that  is  going  on. 

Treatment. — Have  a  high  heeled  shoe  applied  as  soon 
as  the  nature  of  the  disease  is  known,  and,  in  my  opin- 
ion, this  is  one  of  the  most  important  requirements.  If 
the  lameness  does  not  increase  with  exercise  or  perhaps 
light  work,  it  is  sometimes  advisable  to  continue  to  work 
the  horse  every  day.  In  fact,  we  frequently  meet  with 
cases  that  do  not  improve  with  rest,  though  sometimes 
persisted  in  for  months  at  a  time,  but  when  turned  out 
to  pasture  immediately  do  so,  and  soon  become  useful 
animals.  This  probably  occurs  in  consequence  of  the 
process  of  bony  union  between  the  diseased  bones  be- 
coming completed  quicker  when  the  bone  is  actively 
exercised.  Other  cases  require  long  and  absolute  rest. 
The  rule  should  be  that  all  horses  in  which  the  lame- 
ness is  increased  by  work,  shall  have  absolute  rest. 
The  very  best  application  as  a  remedy  for  spavin  is 
Heard's  American  Embrocation,  well  rubbed  in  three 
times  a  day  for  five  minutes  each  time,  until  a  blistering 
effect  is  produced.  Then  cease  for  five  or  six  days  after 
which  repeat  the  treatment.  This  will  cure  any  of  the 
ordinary  cases  of  spavin.  If  we  have  ulceration  on  the 
'  inside  of  the  joint,  and  consequently  great  lameness,  the 
horse  should  be  fired  and  a  blister  composed  of  one  part 
of  biniodide  of  mercury  and  tsix  parts  of  vaseline  ap- 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  Gl 

plied.     A  shoe  with  very  high  heel  calks  must  not  be 
omitted. 

RINGBONE. 

We  shall  consider  an  inflammation  of  the  upper  or  low- 
er pastern  bones  as  ringbone,  (see  P.  B.  &  R  D.  in  skele- 
ton on  page  l),or  that  frequent  result  of  such  inflamma- 
tion, the  formation  of  bony  tumors  on  those  bones.  It 
is  known  as  upper  ringbone  when  the  upper  pastern 
bone  is  affected,  and  lower  ringbone  when  the  lower  or 
short  pastern  bone  is  the  seat  of  the  disease.  We  not 
unfrequently  have  the  joint  between  those  two  bones 
also  involved,  and  in  many  instances  the  two  bones  be- 
come firmly  united  together  (anclylosed )  to  form  one 
bone. 

Causes. — Inheritance  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon causes.  Williams  says  ;  "  I  advise  breeders  of  horses 
never  to  breed  from  a  sire  or  dam  having  ringbones,  un- 
less their  origin  can  be  readily  traced  to  some  accident- 
al cause."  Age  is  an  important  consideration,  as  it  usual- 
ly occurs  in  young  horses  that  are  very  early  put  to  hard 
work.  The  shape  of  the  limbs  also  has  an  important 
bearing  on  the  frequency  of  the  disease,  horses  with 
very  upright  pasterns  being  especially  liable  to  it.  This 
is  what  we  might  expect,  for  concussion  to  the  bones 
will  be  much  more  severe  in  upright  limbs  than  when 
they  are  more  obliquely  placed.  Concussion  and  strain- 
ing, and  sometimes  external  blows  are  the  active  causes 
of  this  disease. 

Symptoms.  — The  horse  attempts  to  give  the  leg  an  ob- 
lique or  slanting  position,  and  therefore  travels  on  his 


68  DISEASES     OF 

heels,  except  when  the  disease  is  located  on  the  outside 
or  back  of  the  pastern  of  the  hind  leg,  when  he  will  put 
the  toe  down  first,  or  what  is  known  as  "  travel  on  the 
toe,"  if  the  disease  is  active  there  will  be  very  severe 
lameness  and  some  pain  on  pressure  around  the  pastern. 
After  some  little  time,  depending  on  the  extent  and 
severity  of  the  inflammation,  there  will  be  found  an  en- 
largement at  some  point  on  the  pastern,  sometimes  in- 
volving the  two  pastern  bones,  as  seen  in  fig  25. 

Treatment. — If  there  is  increased  heat  in  the  part  and 
tenderness  on  pressure  use  hot  water  fomentations  for 
half  an  hour,  after  which  apply  Heard's  American  Em- 
brocation, rubbing  it  in  well;  then  saturate  a  bandage 
with  the  same  agent,  and  wrap  it  around  the  pastern. 
This  should  be  repeated  twice  daily  until  the  skin  is  well 
roughened.  Then  stop  the  active  treatment  for  a  few 
days,  when  if  the  horse  is  still  lame,  the  treatment  should 
be  repeated.  Unless  the  disease  is  situated  on  the  out- 
side or  back  of  the  hind  pastern,  there  should  be  ap- 
plied a  bar  shoe,  made  very  thin  at  the  heels.  If  the 
disease  is  located  on  the  hind  limb  at  the  outside  and 
back  a  high-heeled  shoe  must  be  used;  in  fact,  it  may 
be  laid  down  as  a  rule  that  whenever  a  horse  rests  by 
standing  on  the  toe  or  with  the  heels  raised  off  the 
ground,  a  shoe  raised  at  the  heels  should  be  applied. 
If  the  lameness  still  persists  after  repeated  trials  with 
the  Embrocation,  it  will  be  absolute  proof  that  the 
joint  is  involved,  and  the  horse  should  be  fired  and  blis 
tered  as  soon  as  possible 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


69 


Fig.  25.    Showing  effects  of  ringbone  on  the  bones  of  pastern 


70 


DISEASES    OP 


Fig.  2f>.    Coffin  bone  showing  Bide- bones  at  A.  A. 

S1DEBONE— OSSIFICATION    OF   THE   LATERAL 
CARTILAGES. 

At  A.A.  in  Fig.  26  is  seen  the  side  bones  which  have 
taken  the  place  of  the  cartilages;  at  B.  is  situated  the 
coffin  bone. 

This  is  a  disease  that  usually  attacks  the  fore  feet, 
and  most  frequently  in  heavy  made  horses.  The  change 
that  takes  place  in  the  lateral  cartilages,  by  which  they 
are  transformed  into  bone,  is  commonly  a  very  slow  one ; 
in  fact,  takes  place  so  slowly  that  no  pain  is  felt  and  no 
lameness  is  noticed  during  development.  At  times 
however,  the  change  is  more  rapid  and  inflammatory  in 
its  nature,  and  lameness  becomes  quite  pronounced. 

Causes — Inheritance,  hard  work  at  a  very  early  age 
(principally  drawing  heavy  weights),  and  active  concus- 
sion. 

Symptoms. — The  sure  sign  is  that  the  usually  elastic 


DOMESTIC!    ANIMALS.  71 

cartilages  over  the  heels  of  the  hoof  become  unyielding, 
stiff  and  hard.  In  a  horse  with  normal  lateral  cartilages, 
slight  thumb  pressure  over  the  quarters  of  the  hoof 
will  cause  the  cartilage  to  bend  inward  toward  the  pas- 
tern bone ;  but  if  sidebones  have  formed,  there  will  be 
no  give  to  the  part  when  pressed  with  considerable 
force. 

Treatmemt. — Best,  bar  shoe,  the  firing  iron  and  blis- 
ters. 

FRACTURES. 

In  fractures  of  bone  we  have  a  portion  broken  off  so 
that  it  is  not  closely  continuous  with  the  remainder. 
We  may  have  the  bone  simply  cracked  through  without 
displacement,  or  it  may  be  displaced  to  a  considerable 
degree  from  its  proper  location.  The  bone  may  be 
broken  straight  across,  or  the  crack  may  be  in  an  oblique 
direction.  The  outside  projecting  points  on  bones  are 
frequently  the  subject  of  fracture,  as  for  example,  the 
breaking  off  of  a  portion  of  the  point  of  the  ilium. 
(13  in  figure  of  skeleton).  In  this  article  only  the  most 
common  kinds  of  fracture  will  be  treated  on. 

FRACTURE   OF   LOWER   JAW. 


Causes. — Perhaps  this  bone  is  more  frequently  the 
subject  of  fracture  than  any  other.  It  is  usually  caused 
by  the  bit  bruising  the  gum  and  covering  of  the  bone, 
so  that  a  portion  of  it  dies  for  want  of  nutrition,  and  a 
breaking  off  of  the  dead  portion  is  the  result.     It  is 


72  DISEASES    OF 

sometimes  caused  by  the  curb-chain  bruising  the  cover- 
ing of  the  bone  under  the  jaw,  and  the  break  will  take 
place  the  same  as  described  above.  It  is  sometimes 
caused  by  blows  or  external  violence  of  some  kind,  when 
it  is  usually  of  a  more  serious  nature. 

Symptoms. — If  from  the  bit,  there  will  be  swelling  of 
the  gums  and  considerable  tenderness  ;  if  the  animal  is 
worked,  the  saliva  will  dribble  from  the  mouth  in  large 
quantities  ;  some  horses  get  exceedingly  ill-tempered 
when  suffering  from  this  accident,  and  will  continually 
fight  the  bit  if  driven.  Others  again  will  not  drive  up 
to  the  bit  and  are  apt  to  be  made  balky.  If  the  curb- 
chain  is  the  cause  of  the  fracture,  there  will  be  swelling 
of  the  soft  structures  under  the  jaw,  and  very  great 
tenderness.  Abscesses  sometimes  form  in  this  location 
as  a  result  of  the  fractures,  and  we  sometimes  have 
formed  a  great  deal  of  pus.  When  the  fractured  piece 
of  bone  has  separated  from  the  main  bone,  we  will 
shortly  get  small  portions  of  dead  bone  working  toward 
the  surface,  so  that  when  examining  horses  with  sore 
mouths  I  quite  frequently  find  sharp  pieces  of  bone 
protruding  through  the  open  sore  in  the  gum.  This 
can  be  easily  felt  when  the  finger  is  run  back  over  the 
gum.  There  is  often  a  very  bad  smell  from  the  horse's 
mouth.  The  horse  will  sometimes  refuse  to  eat  solid 
food,  or  only  in  small  quantities,  when  the  subject  of 
this  accident. 

Treatment. — If  it  is  caused  by  the  bit,  and  the  gum  is 
simply  swollen,  the  following  lotion  should  be  used  3 
or  4  times  a  day :  powdered  borax,  1  ounce  ;  dissolved 
in  half  a  pint  of  water,  then  add  \  an  ounce  of  laudanum,, 
If  there  is  a  wound  in  the  gum  and  a  bad  odor  from  the 
breath,  the  finger  should  be  inserted  in  the  wound,  and 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  73 

if  any  pieces  of  bone  are  felt,  they  should  be  removed. 
This  can  often  be  done  by  simply  catching  the  piece 
with  the  finger  and  thumb  and  pulling  it  out  ;  at  other 
times  it  seems  to  be  wedged  in  tightly,  and  it  will  be 
necessary  to  use  some  kind  of  instrument  to  get  it  out. 
A  forceps  or  a  stout  nail  will  usually  answer  the  purpose. 
The  nail  should  be  run  down  alongside  the  loose  piece 
of  bone  and  the  dead  portion  lifted  out.  Be  sure  that 
you  have  removed  all  the  pieces,  for  if  not,  the  wound 
will  not  heal.  This  should  be  followed  by  the  applica- 
tion twice  a  day,  with  a  small  sponge  or  piece  of  cloth, 
of  a  little  of  Heard's  Healing  Lotion,  and  if  the  fractured 
pieces  of  bone  are  all  removed,  the  wound  will  heal  very 
quickly.  The  bit  should  not  bo  used,  as  the  pressure 
will  retard  healing  and  cause  the  animal  great  suffering. 
Feed  soft  food.  If  the  swelling  is  on  the  outside  of  the 
jaw,  and  is  caused  by  the  curb-strap  or  curb-chain,  it 
will  be  wrell  to  apply  a  poultice  of  linseed  meal,  to  which 
has  been  added  about  a  tablespoonful  of  Heard's  Ameri- 
can Embrocation,  and  repeat  twice  a  day.  If  there  are 
any  wounds  from  ruptured  abscesses,  they  should  be 
dressed  with  Heard's  Healing  Lotion  twice  a  day.  If 
possible  insert  the  little  finger  or  a  wooden  probe  to  see 
if  there  is  any  loose  bone.  You  may  be  sure  that  there 
is  a  fractured  piece  of  bone  if  there  is  any  very  bad 
smell  from  the  wound.  This  must  be  removed  before 
the  outside  wround  will  heal.  The  curb-chain  or  strap 
must  not  be  used  until  the  wounds  have  healed. 


74  DISEASES    or 


FRACTURE   OF   THE   ILIUM. 


The  illeum  is  seen  at  13  in  the  figure  of  the  skeleton. 
Next  to  fracture  of  the  lower  jaw  this  is  the  most  fre- 
quent. Sometimes  a  large  part  of  the  projecting  spine 
is  broken  off  from  the  main  bone  ;  at  other  times  only 
a  small  piece  is  chipped  off. 

Causes.  — External  violence,  such  as  catching  the  pro- 
jecting point  of  the  illeum  in  passing  through  narrow 
doorways,  falls  on  hard  substances,  etc. 

Symptoms. — If  seen  soon  after  the  accident,  the  side 
on  which  the  fracture  has  taken  place  will  look  flatter 
than  the  other  side.  The  fractured  piece  will  have  been 
drawn  forward  and  inward  by  the  contraction  of  the 
abdominal  muscles,  so  that  there  will  be  quite  a  space 
between  the  two  fractured  ends  ;  consequently  there 
will  be  no  grating  sound  heard  when  the  parts  are 
moved  about.  The  animal  will  be  slightly  lame  at  first 
which  soon  increases  and  may  become  quite  pronounced. 
There  will  probably  be  some  pain  on  pressing  on  the 
illeum.  If  a  string  is  passed  from  the  middle  of  the 
spine  to  the  point  of  the  illeum  that  has  not  been  in- 
jured and  the  exact  measurement  taken,  it  will  be  found 
to  be  longer  than  the  measurement  when  taken  on  the 
side  of  the  fracture. 

Treatment. — Best,  and  the  application  three  times  a 
day  of  Heard's  American  Embrocation,  well  rubbed  in. 
This  to  be  continued  until  the  quarter  is  well  blistered. 
With  this  treatment  these  cases  always  become  useful 
for  slow  work  and  often  make  good  driving  horses.  To 
a   close    observer,   however — no   matter  how   small  a 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  75 

piece  of  bone  is  chipped  off— tlie  subjects  of  this  injury 
will  always  seem  to  move  slightly  to  one  side  behind, 
and  have  a  perceptible  limp.  The  best  method  to  de- 
tect an  old  fracture  of  the  illeum  is  to  stand  exactly  be- 
hind the  horse  and  look  over  the  quarters,  when  any 
uneveness  of  the  two  sides  will  be  immediately  de- 
tected. 


FRACTURES   OF   THE   BONES   OF  THE  LIMBS. 

Causes. — Falls,  kicks  and  blows  of  various  kinds. 
Sometimes  the  bones  themselves  are  in  an  extra  brittle 
condition,  when  they  are  easily  broken.  An  illustra- 
tion of  this  occurred  in  my  own  practice.  A  horse  was 
being  driven  along  the  street  w^ien  he  suddenly  gave 
way  on  one  side,  and,  trying  to  save  himself  on  the  op- 
posite side,  suddenly  fell  down  flat  and  was  unable  to 
rise.  On  examination,  both  thigh  bones  were  found  to 
be  fractured  at  about  the  same  place  on  each  bone. 
When  the  bones  were  examined,  they  were  found  to 
contain  an  excess  of  earthy  matter,  and  a  very  small 
amount  of  animal  matter,  which  latter  makes  the  bones 
tough  and  not  so  easily  broken.  In  the  bones  of  old 
animals  the  earthy  matter  is  in  much  greater  proportion 
than  in  those  of  young  animals.  The  bones  of  old  ani- 
mals are  therefore  more  easily  broken. 

/Symptoms. — We  may  have  fracture  of  the  bones  of 
the  limbs  without  displacement,  the  bone  being  simply 
cracked  across,  or  partly  through,  and  not  moved  out 
of  its  place.  In  some  of  those  cases  there  is  not  much 
lameness.  The  horse  may  even  work  again  in  a  few 
days,  to  be  followed  perhaps  by  a  sudden  fall  while  be- 


76  DISEASES     OP 

ing  driven,  in  consequence  of  displacement.  A  case 
which  occured  in  my  own  practice  will  be  interesting 

here.  A  horse  was  kicked  in  the  thigh  and  the  skin 
somewhat  bruised  and  a  little  swollen.  When  found  in 
the  morning,  there  was  scarcely  any  lameness  and  in  a 
few  days  he  trotted  out  sound.  He  was  driven  two 
days,  apparently  all  right,  when  the  owner  concluded 
to  send  him  out  to  pasture  for  two  months.  About  ten 
days  after  going  to  pasture  he  was  found  in  a  good 
roomy  box  stall  with  a  fracture  of  the  thigh  bone  at 
about  the  point  where  the  kick  had  been  received.  The 
displacement  probably  took  place  when  the  horse  at- 
tempted to  get  up  in  the  stall,  and  although  the  kick 
had  been  received  three  weeks  previously,  there  was 
no  marked  symptom  of  fracture  being  present.  In  most- 
cases,  however,  displacement  takes  place  immediately, 
and  the  limb  can  be  swung  around  in  unusual  direc- 
tions. When  moved,  a  grating  sound  will  be  heard, 
and  a  grating  motion  felt.  The  animal  will  be  unable 
to  bear  any  weight  on  the  fractured  limb. 

treatment. — If  the  horse  is  of  a  nervous  temperament 
he  had  better  be  destroyed,  as  it  is  necessary  for  the 
limb  to  have  absolute  rest  to  secure  union  of  the  frac- 
tured bones.  If  the  bones  are  protruding  through  the 
■soft  structures  or  through  the  skin,  he  had  better  be 
destroyed.  If  he  is  a  young,  quiet,  docile  animal,  and 
the  bone  is  simply  broken  in  two  pieces,  the  chances  of 
recovery  are  fairly  good,  and  the  following  rules  are  to 
be  observed  :  If  it  is  an}r  part  of  the  fore-limb,  from  the 
elbow  to  the  foot,  that  is  fractured,  the  bones  should  be 
brought  together  in  the  natural  position.  A  padding 
of  oakum  should  now  be  placed  around  the  limb.  The 
next  thing  to  do  is  to  place  two  or  more  thin  ineces  of 


DOMESTIC  AMMALS. 


77 


wood,  such  as  lath,  in  front  and  behind  the  limb,  so 
that  there  will  be  no  motion  allowed.  Now  apply  a 
bandage  that  has  been  soaked  in  starch  and  plaster  of 
paris.  Begin  to  apply  the  bandage  from  the  bottom  of 
the  limb  and  continue  it  upward  until  the  whole  limb 
is  well  wrapped.  There  need  be  no  fear  of  the  bandage 
looking  clumsy,  by  having  too  much  bandage  material. 
The  animal  should  now  be  placed  in  slings  as  seen  in 
figure  27.     The  splints  and  bandages  should  be  allowed 


JlllllllilillllilllWillk 


Pig.  27.    Horse  placed  in  slings. 


to  remain  on  for  six  to  eight  weeks,  unless  the  animal 
seems  to  have  excessive  pain  in  the  leg,  with  swelling 


78  DISEASES    OF 

of  the  soft  parts  above  the  bandages,  when  suppuration 
under  the  bandage  may  be  suspected.  The  bandage 
must  now  be  removed,  and  if  no  abscesses  or  ulcers  are 
discovered,  it  should  be  immediately  reapplied.  After 
the  fracture  has  become  reunited,  there  will  still  be 
some  swelling  around  the  bone  at  that  part.  This  will 
be  gradually  removed  by  applying  a  small  quantity  of 
Heard's  American  Embrocation  every  other  day. 


LUMP-JAW  IN  CATTLE— BIG  HEAD- 
ACTINOMYCOSIS. 

This  is  a  disease  known  to  scientists  as  Actinomycosis 
and  is  found  in  man,  cattle,  and  swine. 

Causes.  — It  is  in  all  cases  caused  by  the  growth  of  a 
plant  fungus  that  takes  for  its  sustenance,  first  the  soft 
structures  of  the  mouth  and  then  the  bone,  spreading  in 
this  manner  until,  in  old  cases,  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  jaw  is  destroyed.  It  is  asserted  by  some  authors 
that  the  fungus  or  its  spores  are  sometimes  found  on  the 
fodder  that  the  cattle  feed  on.  Especially  is  this  true 
of  barley  and  some  other  cereals.  The  spores  of  this 
fungus  may  be  taken  into  the  stomach  and  intestines, 
and  the  disease  has  been  found  in  many  of  the  internal 
organs  as  well  as  the  jaw. 

Spmptoms.  — There  will  first  be  noticed  a  swelling  at 
some  part  of  the  jaw.  This  slowly  increases  in  size  un- 
til it  bursts,  leaving  an  open  sore  which  will  not  heal 
and  prevents  the  animal  from  thriving  or  eating  solid 
food.  The  disease  is  fatal  in  all  cases  that  are  allowed 
to  run  their  course  to  the  end. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


79 


Au  interesting  subject  to  the  breeder  is  as  to  what 
shall  be  done  with  the  carcass  of  an  animal  that  has 
been  slaughtered  while  suffering  from  this  disease. 
Shall  it  be  destroyed?  or  can  it  be  used  for  food? 
These  are  important  questions,  and  the  common  opinion 
of  the  eminent  authors  who  have  written  on  this  disease 
is  that  all  the  body,  except  those  parts  in  immediate 
proximity  to  the  diseased  tissues,  are  eatable.  An  ani- 
mal affected  with  this  disease  should  be  immediately 
removed  from  a  herd,  as  it  is  liable  to  spread  it  among 
the  other  cattle.  Fig.  28  shows  a  small  piece  of  a  cow's 
tongue,  magnified  250  times  (diameters).  The  fungus 
is  seen  at  a  and  b. 


Fig.  28.    Microsoopic  section  of  tongue  showing  fungus  of  actinomycosis 
at  a  and  b, 


80  DISEASES   OF 

DISEASES  OF   JOINTS. 
INFLAMMATION    OF    JOINTS    (ARTHRITIS). 

Causes. — This  is  usually  caused  by  external  violence, 
but  may  be  a  result  of  concussion  in  traveling  at  a  fast 
pace,  or  may  be  caused  by  sprains.  We  may  also  have 
a  rheumatic  inflammation  affecting  the  joints.  When 
an  animal  is  the  subject  of  kicks  or  bruises  on  the  limbs, 
the  important  point  is  to  note  whether  the  injury  is  in 
close  proximity  to  a  joint  or  not,  because  an  injury  to  a 
joint  that  has  considerable  motion  is  always  a  serious 
affair,  and  will  require  more  than  ordinary  care  in  the 
management. 

•  Symptoms — If  we  have  inflammation  of  any  of  the 
joints  of  the  limbs,  there  will  be  lameness,  and  the  de- 
gree of  lameness  will  depend  on  the  severity  of  the  in- 
flammation. There  will  also  be  swelling  and  consid- 
erable pain  on  pressure.  If  severe,  there  will  be  fever 
and  loss  of  appetite,  the  frequency  of  the  pulse  in- 
creased, and  often  a  tendency  to  suddenly  jerk  the  limb 
upward,  as  if  suffering  great  pain. 

Treatment. — If  the  lameness  is. very  great,  fomenta- 
tions of  hot  water  should  be  used,  3  or  4  times  a  day, 
immediately  followed  by  the  application  of  a  small 
quantity  of  Heard's  American  Embrocation.  If  possi- 
ble, apply  a  hot  poultice  of  linseed  meal,  to  which  has 
been  added  about  a  tablespoonful  of  Heard's  American 
Embrocation,  this  to  be  renewed  twice  a  day.  The  fol- 
lowing pill  should  be  administered  :  Aloes  5  drams, 
ginger   1   dram   and  syrup   sufficient   to   give   it    the 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  81 

proper  consistency.  Perfect  rest  is  absolutely  necessary, 
and  it  will  be  found  beneficial  to  place  the  horse  in 
slings,  as  seen  in  Fig.  27.  If  the  injury  is  slight  and 
the  animal  is  not  very  lame,  it  is  still  necessary  to  en- 
join absolute  rest,  and  not  to  allow  any  motion  until 
recovery  is  complete.  Fomentations  of  hot  water  and 
poultices  with  the  application  twice  a  day  of  Heard's 
American  Embrocation  will  soon  effect  a  cure  in  light 
cases. 

A  case  which  occured  in  my  own  practice  will  serve 
to  illustrate  the  necessity  for  rest.  A  horse  fell  in  the 
street  and  injured  a  fore-limb.  I  saw  him  two  days 
afterward  and  found  him  quite  stiff  and  swollen  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  elbow  joint.  I  ordered  fomentations  and 
Embrocation,  and  at  the  end  of  five  or  six  days  the  ani- 
mal trotted  out  sound.  The  owner  being  anxious  to 
work  the  animal — against  my  protest — took  him  out 
and  worked  him  two  days,  and  the  third  morning  sent 
for  me.  I  found  the  horse  much  lamer  than  when  I 
saw  him  first.  The  treatment  was  repeated,  but  at  the 
end  of  three  days  was  followed  by  the  soft  parts  break- 
ing away  and  leaving  an  open  elbow  joint.  I  immedi- 
ately told  the  owner  the  case  was  hopeless.  He  then 
sent  for  a  professor,  who  now  presides  over  a  veterinary 
college  in  New  York,  who  said  that  the  horse  could  be 
cured  if  he  was  removed  to  his  hospital.  This  was  done 
and  the  result  was  that  at  the  end  of  three  weeks  the 
horse  was  shot.  We  may  always  be  sure  that  an  in- 
flammation of  a  joint  which  has  much  motion,  is  a  very 
serious  matter. 
6 


82  DISEASES    OF 


OPEN     JOINT. 


Causes. — This  is  usually  caused  by  external  violence 
and  frequently  by  sharp,  pointed  substances  penetrat- 
ing the  parts  covering  a  joint.  It  sometimes  follows 
an  inflammation  in  .a  joint  where  there  has  been  no 
puncture. 

Symptoms — Intense  pain  ;  if  in  the  limbs,  there  will 
be  excessive  lameness  ;  temperature  raised,  appetite 
poor,  and  a  discharge  of  a  yellowish  semi-oily  fluid  from 
the  wound ;  this  usually  escapes  in  large  quantity. 
The  animal  frequently  jerks  the  leg  up,  often  refusing 
to  place  the  foot  to  the  ground  at  all.  If  it  is  a  joint 
of  great  motion,  as  the  elbow,  knee,  or  fetlock  in 
the  fore-limb,  or  the  stifle,  hock,  or  fetlock  of  the 
hind  limb,  there  will  be  very  little  hope  of  cure.  The 
only  way  a  cure  could  result  would  be  by  having  a  bony 
union  effected  between  the  two  bones  forming  the  joint. 
This  would  result  in  a  stiff,  immovable  joint,  which 
Avould  leave  the  horse  comparatively  useless  for  work. 
If  the  pastern  joints  are  the  ones  affected,  a  stiff  joint 
will  not  render  the  animal  useless,  as  they  are  joints  of 
quite  limited  motion. 

'Treatment. — If  the  joints  of  great  motion  are  affected, 
the  animal  had  better  be  destroyed.  If  the  joints  of 
limited  motion  are  the  ones  affected,  keep  the  outside 
wound  well  open,  and  thus  allow  the  full  discharge  of 
pus  and  other  inflammatory  products  from  the  joint. 
The  external  opening  may  be  kept  open  by  inserting  a 
red  hot  iron.  This  should  be  done  as  often  as  required. 
While  there  is  any  discharge,  the  outside  should  be 
kept  open,  for  it  is  a  rule  that  all  wounds  have  to  heal 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


from  the  bottom.     Hot  fomentations  and  poultices  are 
beneficial.     The  horse  should  be  kept  in  slings. 


DISLOCATIONS. 


The  displacement  of  bones  from  their  normal  position 
in  a  joint  is  comparatively  a  rare  condition  in  the  horse 
and  ox.  But  in  dogs  it  is  a  frequent  accident.  Although 
it  is  possible  to  have  dislocations  of  many  of  the  joints 
in  horses,  there  is  only  one  that  is  common  enough  to 
require  notice  in  this  short  work. 

DISLOCATION  OF  THE  PATELLA,  OR  DIS- 
PLACEMENr  OF  ONE  OF  THE  BONES  OF  THE 
STIFLE. — This  bone  is  seen  at  x  in  the  figure  of  the 
skeleton  on  page  1,  and  is  the  analogue  of  the  knee-pan 
in  man.  This  is  very  frequently  the  seat  of  dislocation, 
the  patella  becoming  displaced  by  slipping  out  over  the 
prominence  on  the  femur. 

Causes. — The  patella  is  kept  in  position  by  three 
ligaments  holding  it  down,  one  on  each  side  and  the 
other  in  the  middle.  The  eminence  on  the  femur  also 
assists  to  keep  it  in  its  proper  place.  Above,  it  is  held 
in  place  by  some  of  the  muscles  on  the  front  of  the 
thigh.  Now,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  under  liga- 
ments sometimes  become  unduly  stretched,  so  that  they 
fail  to  hold  the  bone  down  far  enough.  It  may  be  said 
that  they  become  too  long,  and  the  contractions  of  the 
muscles  above  will  pull  the  bone  from  its  normal  posi- 
tion. At  any  rate  we  know  that  some  horses  while  even 
standing  in  the  stall,  if  made  to  move,  will  displace  the 
patella,  and  whem  made  to  change  position  again,  the 


84 


DISEASES    OF 


bone  will  slip  into  its  place  again.  It  was  only  last 
summer  that  I  had  under  treatment  a  horse  that  would 
frequently  displace  first  one  patella  and  then  the  other, 
and  if  made  to  change  position,  they  would  slip  into 
place  again.  The  treatment  continued  for  about  three 
months,  the  dislocations  becoming  gradually  less  fre- 
quent. When  the  horse  first  came  under  my  treatment 
the  accident  occurred  several  times  a  day.  Only  on 
one  occasion  did  I  have  to  use  force  to  replace  the  dis- 
located bone. 

Symptoms. — The  horse  will  be  found  perfectly  stiff 
in  the  dislocated  limb  which  will  be  dragged  along  if 
made  to  walk,  it  being  impossible  for  the  animal  to 
bring  the  limb  even  with  its  fellow,  until  the  dislocation 
is  reduced.  The  position  of  the  limb  is  seen  in  figure 
29. 


Fig.  29.    Position  of  hind  limb  with  dislocated  stifle. 

Treatment  — Reduction  can  frequently  be  effected  by 
simply  taking  hold  of  the  bone  and  pushing  it  inward 
and  downward,  when  it  slips  into  its  place.  At  other 
times  it  will  be  necessary  to  attach  a  rope  to  the   pas- 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


85 


tern.  An  attendant  standing  in  front  pulls  the  limb 
forward  while  the  operator  grasps  the  patella  and 
pushes  it  inward  and  downward,  using  as  much  force 
as  is  necessary  to  accomplish  the  reduction,  as  seen  in 


|MOi^ 


*i(SMx/#/^; 


Fig.  30.    Method  of  reducing  dislocation  of  stifle. 


figure  30.  It  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  bringing  the 
limb  forward  relaxes  the  muscles  that  are  attached  to 
the  upper  part  of  the  bone,  and  the  operator  will  not 
have  as  much  force  to  overcome  as  he  would  if  the 
muscles  were  kept  tense  by  the  limb  being  held  back. 
Having  reduced  the  dislocation,  the  animal  can  walk  as 
well  as  ever  ;  if  lame  it  will  be  only  in  a  slight  degree; 
but  remember  that  the  ligaments  are  now  stretched, 
and  that  the  bone  will  easily  slip  out  of  place  again. 
Steps  should  be  taken  to  retain  the  bone  in  place  and 
cause  a  shortening  of  the  ligaments.  This  can  be  ef- 
fected by  placing  the  horse  in  a  single  stall ;  tie  him 
short  enough  to  prevent  his  lying  down  ;  place  a  col- 
lar on  the  neck  and  attach  a  rope  about  10  to  12  feet 


86  DISEASED   OF 

long  to  a  leather  strap,  buckling  the  strap  around  the 
pastern  of  the  limb  that  was  dislocated.  Now  bring 
the  rope  forward  between  the  fore-legs  and  tie  it 
around  the  collar.  If  the  limb  is  a  little  in  advance  of 
its  fellow,  it  will  prevent  another  dislocation.  Now  ap- 
ply Heard's  American  Embrocation  around  the  stifle, 
rubbing  it  in  well  three  times  a  day  until  a  good  blis- 
tering effect  is  produced.  Let  the  horse  stay  in  this 
position  for  two  or  three  weeks.  Although  I  have 
treated  scores  of  cases  by  this  method,  I  have  never 
known  it  to  fail  in  effecting  a  perfect  cure. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  &7 


CONTAGIOUS  DISEASES. 


It  is  not  my  intention  to  describe  all  the  contagious 
diseases  to  whicli  the  domestic  animals  are  liable,  as 
that  would  take  up  more  space  than  is  contained  in  this 
small  volume.  I  shall  therefore  only  notice  two  or  three 
of  the  most  common  and  give  such  advice  on  manage- 
ment and  prevention  of  the  spread  of  the  diseases  as 
any  stock  owner  can  easily  understand  and  carry  out. 
Some  of  the  common  contagious  diseases  that  I  shall 
omit  to  describe  are  spinal-meningitis  in  the  horse, 
pleuro-pneumonia  in  cattle  and  cholera  in  hogs. 


INFLUENZA,    STRANGLES,     DISTEMPER,    PINK- 
EYE, EPIZOOTIC,  COLT-ILL,  HORSE-AIL. 


It  is  not  certain  whether  all  the  various  forms  of  dis- 
ease known  by  the  above  names  are  caused  by  the  same 
species  of  germ  or  not.  Judging  from  clinical  exper- 
ience, it  would  seem  that  they  are  only  varying  forms 
of  one  specific  disease.  It  is  commonly  said  that  one 
attack  of  distemper  will  prevent  a  second  attack;  but 
this  is  certainly  erroneous,  as  I  have  repeatedly  seen 
the  same  horse  suffer  from  two  or  three  attacks  of  this 
disease. 

Causes. — Young  horses  are  much  more  liable  to  this 
disease  than  horses  of  mature  age,  although  we  quite 


88  DISEASES    OF 

frequently  see  it  in  aged  horses.  Horses  kept  in  small 
and  badly  ventilated  stables  are  more  liable  to  the  dis- 
ease than  those  kept  in  large,  well  ventilated  stables. 
Horses  that  are  hard  worked,  especially  while  young, 
will  suffer  more  severely  than  those  that  are  kept  in  a 
strong,  hardy  condition.  Change  of  food  will  also  act 
as  a  cause,  as  when  horses  are  shipped  from  the  farm — 
where  they  are  fed  on  some  kind  of  soft  food — to  large 
cities,  where  they  are  immediately  placed  on  a  diet  of 
dry  food  and  usually  in  much  larger  quantity  than  they 
received  while  in  the  country.  Undue  exposure  to  in- 
clement weather  is  frequently  a  cause.  It  will  be  no- 
ticed that  the  various  causes  above  enumerated  all  act 
by  depressing  the  vitality  of  the  horse,  thus  making 
him  an  easy  prey  to  disease. 

It  is  now  perfectly  well  understood  that  all  contagious 
diseases  are  caused  by  some  living  organism  gaining 
access  to  the  interior  of  the  body,  and  there  setting  up 
a  destructive  action  of  some  kind.  Influenza  in  horses 
is  no  exception  to  this  rule,  although  the  particular 
germ  which  causes  it  has  not  been  isolated  and  experi- 
mented with  to  the  extent  that  it  can  be  easily  identified. 
Several  observers  have  described  germs  which  they 
assert  to  be  the  cause  of  influenza  in  horses,  but  as  yet 
there  is  no  particular  germ  accepted  by  all  experiment- 
ers as  the  cause  of  this  disease.  The  germs,  however, 
are  certainly  the  active  cause  of  all  forms  of  distemper. 

How  do  the  germs  cause  the  disease  ?  Most  likely 
they  act  in  several  ways,  each  setting  up  a  special  form 
of  the  disease.  We  will  first  describe  the  most  common 
form,  where  we  have  about  the  following: 

Symptoms. — The  animal  is  first  noticed  to  lag  more 
than  usual  at  work  ;  then  a  loss  of  appetite,  or,  if  a  mild 


DOMESTTC    ANIMALS.  89 

case,  a  partial  loss  of  appetite.  Often  we  have  cough  ; 
the  glands  under  the  jaw  are  often  somewhat  swollen 
at  this  time,  and  the  limbs  soon  begin  to  swell  about 
the  fetlocks.  If  the  temperature  of  the  animal  be  taken, 
it  will  be  found  from  2  to  7  degrees  above  the  normal 
(98 J °  Fah.).  The  pulse  will  be  much  quickened.  This 
is  usually  followed  in  a  day  or  two  by  a  flow  of  mucus 
from  the  nostrils,  the  cough  increasing  in  frequency. 
If  properly  treated,  these  symptoms  usually  begin  to 
abate  about  the  fifth  day,  gradually  decreasing  until 
the  appetite  is  fully  restored  and  the  animal  is  again  fit 
for  work. 

We  will  now  describe  a  more  severe  case.  To  the 
above  symptoms  may  be  added  a  very  dull  appearance, 
the  head  straightened  out  and  held  down  as  if  asleep, 
great  disinclination  to  move,  and  often  the  subject  of 
chills  after  drinking  water.  This  severe  form  is  often 
complicated  with  pneumonia,  the  lung  trouble  being  a 
result  of  the  general  interference  with  the  action  of  the 
heart  and  blood  circulation.  "We  always  have  a  high 
temperature  in  this  form,  often  reaching  106°  Fah.  on 
the  second  or  third  day  after  the  attack.  If  the  lungs 
are  involved,  the  breathing  will  be  quickened  and  the 
animal  will  rarely  lie  down.  The  appetite  is  totally 
lost,  and  by  placing  the  finger  in  the  mouth  it  will  be 
usually  found  hot.  In  about  two  days  the  animal  will 
frequently  have  a  rambling  gait,  especially  of  the  hind 
limbs  ;  seems  to  have  very  little  control  over  the 
muscles  of  the  hind  limbs.  If  the  throat  is  very  sore 
and  much  swollen  inside,  there  will  be  a  considerable 
dribbling  of  saliva  from  the  mouth,  and  when  the 
patient  attempts  to  drink,  the  water  taken  in  by  the 
mouth   will   frequently   escape   through   the    nostrils. 


90  DISEASES    OP 

This  is  a  very  severe  form,  and  unless  great  care  is  used 
in  the  management,  it  will  often  prove  fatal. 

The  "  Strangles  "  form  is  seen  where  we  have,  besides 
many  of  the  above-mentioned  symptoms,  the  formation 
of  abscesses  under  the  jaw.  We  sometimes  have  very 
large  swellings  develop  in  this  location  in  a  day  or  two. 
At  first  they  are  usually  hard  and  very  tender,  and  here 
we  may  have  a  total  disinclination  for  food — at  most 
only  a  little  hay — on  account  of  the  abscesses  interfer- 
ing with  the  muscles  used  in  the  act  of  swallowing. 
The  saliva  will  usually  dribble  from  the  mouth  quite 
profusely.  Sometimes  these  abscesses  are  deep  enough 
in  the  throat  to  prevent  breathing  with  any  considerable 
freedom;  in  fact,in  severe  cases  the  obstruction  to  breath- 
ing causes  very  great  distress,  and  the  loud  sound  made 
by  the  air  passing  through  the  constricted  passage  in 
the  throat  can  be  heard  for  a  considerable  distance,  In 
such  cases  there  are  frequent  spasms  of  coughing,  which 
sometimes  last  for  two  or  three  minutes.  This  form  of 
the  disease  is  not  nearly  so  dangerous  to  life  as  the  form 
last  described,  but  when  improperly  treated,  frequently 
leaves  the  animal  a  roarer.  This  is  especially  the  case 
in  race  horses. 

One  other  form  of  influenza  may  be  considered  typi- 
cal, viz.,  pink-eye.  Here  the  most  prominent  symptom  is 
a  swelling  of  the  eyelids  and  a  great  tendency  to  have 
swellings  of  the  limbs,  due  to  an  effusion  under  the  skin. 
The  eyelids  are  often  seen  swollen  so  large  as  to  be  en- 
tirely closed,  and  the  attack  seems  to  come  on  very  sud- 
denly. The  general  symptoms  are  much  the  same  as 
those  described  for  the  mild  form  of  distemper.  We 
have  sore  throat,  high  temperature,  quick  pulse,  loss  of 
appetite  and  a  rapid  loss  of  strength.' 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  91 

I  will  notice  still  another  form,  which,  however,  is  usu- 
ally of  a  very  mild  character,  a  form  which  every  vet- 
erinary surgeon  of  experience  will  recognize  when  I 
mention  measles.  This  form  is  characterized  by  erup- 
tions which  frequently  cover  large  surfaces  of  the  body; 
in  fact,  the  subjects  of  this  disease  are  frequently  cov- 
ered all  over  with  pimples.  There  is  usually  a  slight 
rise  of  temperature,  with  sore  throat,  and  often  a  loss 
of  appetite.  I  have  known  horses  affected  with  this  form 
to  loose  all  the  hair  on  the  body  and  be  completely  bare 
until  the  new  coat  came  out;  but  this  is  an  unusual  oc- 
currence. Except  that  the  course  of  the  disease  is  usu- 
ally limited  to  a  few  days,  it  is  very  suggestive  of  mea- 
sles in  man. 

As  to  grouping  all  the  above  described  forms  of  di- 
sease under  the  general  term  "Influenza,"  it  is  suggest- 
ed by  the  fact  that  we  often  fmd  all  the  various  forms 
exhibited  in  one  large  stable  during  a  single  outbreak. 
Home  horses  will  be  affected  with  one  form,  others  with 
other  forms  of  the  disease  at  the  same  time.  It  is  usu- 
ally more  prevalent  in  the  spring  and  fall  of  the  year, 
but  an  outbreak  may  occur  at  any  time.  The  great  epi- 
demic of  1872  occurred  in  November  and  December,  and 
spread  over  the  entire  country  in  about  five  or  six  weeks, 
in  this  respect,  as  in  some  others,  resembling  the  great 
grip  epidemic  in  man  of  1891. 

Treatment. — If  the  simple  form  first  described  be  pres- 
ent very  little  medicinal  treatment  will  be  required. 
The  most  important  will  be  to  apply  Heard's  American 
Embrocation  to  the  neck,  under  the  throat,  and  down 
along  under  the  windpipe  three  times  a  day,  rubbing  it 
well  in  each  time.  See  that  the  surface  of  the  body  is 
kept  warm  by  sufficient  clothing  and  bandages  on  the 


92  DISEASES    OF 

legs.  The  nasal  discharges  should  be  frequently  sponged 
off  by  soaking  a  sponge  in  a  solution  of  Boracic  Acid — 
two  teaspoonfuls  in  a  pint  of  water.  Eestrict  the  diet 
to  a  small  quantity  of  bran,  or  grass,  if  in  season.  Two 
quarts  of  bran  made  into  a  mash  twice  a  day  will  be 
quite  sufficient.  If  the  animal  improves,  give  it  a  quart 
of  oats  three  times  a  day  as  soon  as  the  fever  has  dis- 
appeared. Absolute  rest  is  required  until  recovery  is 
complete. 

If  this  simple  form  runs  into  the  severe  second  de- 
scribed form,  we  must  take  more  energetic  measures 
about  as  follows  :  Place  enough  clothing  on  the  horse 
to  keep  him  comfortably  warm;  bandage  the  legs;  keeji 
the  food  away  entirely  for  36  or  48  hours;  have  water 
constantly  in  front  of  the  patient;  rub  the  neck  with 
Heard's  American  Embrocation  three  times  a  day  until 
the  skin  is  roughened,  and  administer,  three  times  a  day 
the  following  made  into  a  ball :  Quinine,  one  dram,  ni- 
trate of  potash,  six  drams,  camphor,  one  dram,  with 
sufficient  syrup  to  give  it  the  proper  consistency.  This 
to  be  continued  daily  until  the  serious  symptoms  dis- 
appear or  abate.  Dosing  a  horse  with  half  an  ounce  of 
quinine  a  day  would  have  been  thought  quite  extrava- 
gant some  years  ago,  but  with  the  price  at  25  cents  an 
ounce,  as  at  present,  it  is  not  an  expensive  treatment 
and  will  be  found  very  effective.  If  this  form  is  com- 
plicated with  pneumonia,  we  must  treat  the  same  as  is 
laid  down  for  that  disease  on  pages  110  and  111. 

Treatment  for  Strangles  Form. — Here  the  same  gen- 
eral treatment  as  regards  clothing  and  diet  is  indicated; 
also  the  administration  of  the  quinine  ball  as  above  de- 
scribed. To  the  enlargements  or  abscesses  under  the 
jaw,  apply  poultices  of  linseed  meal  or  turnips,  to  which 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


93 


has  been  added  about  a  tablespoonful  of  Heard's  Ameri- 
can Embrocation,  to  be  changed  twice  a  day.  As  soon  as 
they  become  soft,  the  abscesses  should  be  opened  by 
puncturing  with  a  sharp  knife,  and  the  linger  should 
be  inserted  into  the  wound,  and  all  the  pus  squeezed 
out  of  it.  Now  dress  the  wound  by  soaking  a  little  pad 
of  oakum  or  a  small  clean  rag  with  Hea.rd's  Healing 
Lotion — which  is  a  perfect  antiseptic — and  insert  it  into 
the  wound,  allowing  it  to  remain  there  12  hours.  This 
method  of  dressing  should  be  repeated  twice  a  day 
until  the  wound  becomes  so  small  as  to  prevent  the  in- 
sertion of  the  plug,  when  the  sore  is  to  be  simply  sat- 
urated with  the  Lotion  to  prevent  the  formation  of 
proud  flesh.  If  the  breathing  is  much  obstructed  and 
suffocation  is  threatened,  the  operation  shown  in  Fig.  31 
must  be  performed.     This  is  exceedingly  simple,  and 


Fig.  31.  Performing  the  operation  of  Traoheaotomy  at  night. 


94  DISEASES    OF 

no  possible  injury  can  be  done  if  the  following  direc- 
tions are  strictly  followed  out :  with  a  sharp  knife  make 
a  slit  through  the  skin  about  4  inches  long ;  now  cut 
and  divide  the  soft  structures  until  the  windpipe  comes 
into  view  ;  then  push  the  knife  through  and  cut  out  a 
portion  of  two  of  the  rings  of  the  windpipe,  making  a 
circular  opening  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Place  a  tube  in  this  opening  ;  but  this  is  not 
immediately  necessary.  To  prevent  suffocation  the  oper- 
ation can  be  performed  by  any  one,  the  opening  being 
simply  allowed  to  remain  without  a  tube  until  one  can 
be  obtained.  There  are  various  kinds  of  tubes  sold  by 
instrument  makers  for  this  purpose,  but  as  it  is  my  in- 
tention to  enable  the  ordinary  breeder  or  stock  owner 
to  save  the  life  of  his  stock  in  cases  of  emergency,  I 
will  describe  a  very  simple  tube  which  will  answer  the 
purpose,  and  which  can  be  obtained  in  a  few  minutes 
at  any  tinshop.     The  tube  shown  in  Fig.  32  should  be 


Fig.  32.     Simple  tube  for  insertion  in  trachea. 

about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  the  length  of 
tube  to  be  about  3  inches.  The  two  rims  seen  in 
the  figure  are  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  hold  to 
attach  a  piece  of  tape  to  tie  around  the  neck.  This  will 
hold  the  tube  in  place  and  prevent  it  from  slipping  out 
of  the  windpipe.  After  the  opening  is  made,  relief  wil1 
be  instantaneous.      The  tube  should  be  kept  in  severa1 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  95 

days.  The  condition  of  the  throat  can  be  easily  tested 
by  simply  placing  the  hand  in  front  of  the  tnbe  and 
compelling  the  horse  to  breathe  through  the  nostrils 
again.  As  soon  as  the  animal  can  breathe  in  this  man- 
ner without  showing  any  obstruction  in  the  throat,  the 
tube  should  be  removed  and  the  wound  dressed  twice 
a  day  with  Heard's  Healing  Lotion.  It  will  close  up  in 
a  few  days.  It  is  sometimes  necessary  to  allow  the 
tube  to  remain  in  the  trachea  2  or  3  weeks  before  the 
obstruction  in  the  threat  is  entirely  gone.  If  it  gets 
stopped  up  with  mucus,  clear  it  out  by  scraping  with  a 
knife  or  piece  of  wood.  Keep  it  clear.  The  diet  should 
be  restricted  to  about  4  quarts  of  milk  with  water  in 
which  oatmeal  has  been  soaked  for  an  hour  or  two.  If 
the  case  is  very  protracted,  a  nice  nutritious  drink  can 
be  made  by  boiling,  for  15  mifiutes,  half  a  pint  of  lin- 
seed in  a  gallon  of  water,  giving  it  as  often  as  the  pa- 
tient will  take  it.  After  a  day  or  two  a  small  quantity 
of  hay  can  be  given,  and  a  little  bran  mash  will  some- 
times be  relished.  But  it  is  much  better  to  restrict  the 
diet  to  very  small  proportions. 

The  treatment  of  the  next  described  form,  pink-eye, 
will  have  to  be  varied  in  only  one  particular,  and  that 
relates  to  the  local  management  of  the  eye.  It  is  im- 
portant that  the  inflammation  of  the  eye-lids  and  sur- 
rounding structures  should  be  reduced  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible, otherwise  we  are  very  likely  to  have  a  horse  with 
defective  sight,  and  consequently  of  greatly  reduced 
value.  To  reduce  this  inflammation  there  should  be 
inserted,  with  a  syringe,  about  a  teaspoonful  of 
Heard's  Lotion  for  moon-eye,  to  be  repeated  3  times  a 
day.  There  is  a  great  tendency  in  some  horses  to  rub 
the  lids  against  the  side  or  front  of  the  stall.     Prevent 


96  DISEASES     OF 

this  by  turning  the  horse  around  in  the  stall,  and  tying 
him  to  two  posts  so  that  he  cannot  get  a  chance  to  rub 
the  eyes.  This  is  a  very  important  part  of  the  treat- 
ment. The  diet,  clothing  and  medicinal  part  of  the 
treatment  must  be  similar  to  that  described  for  the 
treatment  of  the  severe  or  second  form  of  influenza.  If 
there  is  any  whiteness  on  any  part  of  the  front  of  the 
eye,  the  application  of  Heard's  Eye  Lotion  should  be 
continued  until  it  has  all  disappeared. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  measles  form  a  half  dram  of 
calomel  should  be  added  to  the  ball  before  described,  the 
diet  similarly  restricted,  with  the  application  of  a  wash 
to  the  eruptions  made  by  mixing  one-fourth  Heard's 
Healing  Lotion  and  three-fourths  water.  The  nostrils 
should  be  kept  as  clean  as  possible  hj  frequently  wip- 
ing off  the  mucus  with  a  wet  sponge  or  cloth.  The  legs 
will  frequently  remain  swollen  for  some  time,  but  with 
exercise,  after  recovery,  this  will  gradually  disappear. 

TUBERCULOSIS. 

This  is  an  infectious  disease  common  to  many  species 
of  animals.  Man  is  especially  liable  to  it,  in  whom  it  is 
the  disease  known  as  consumption.  Cows,  hogs,  and 
poultry  are  frequently  the  subjects  of  it.  It  is  extreme- 
ly rare  in  horses  and  dogs.  Perhaps  there  is  no  dis- 
ease which  has  attracted  so  much  attention  in  the  last 
decade  as  tuberculosis,  yet  we  have  not  discovered  any 
method  by  which  it  can  be  detected  in  all  cases.  On 
account  of  the  difficulty  of  making  a  diagnosis,  even  by 
experts,  I  shall  not  attempt  a  detailed  article  on  this 
disease,  but  simply  refer  to  a  few  general  facts  relating 
to  it  that  should  be  known  by  all  owners  of  cattle.      It 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  97 

is  asserted  by  very  competent  observers  that  about  5 
per  cent,  of  the  cattle  in  this  country  are  affected  with 
this  disease.  It  is  usually  propagated  by  the  germs  be- 
ing inhaled  into  the  lungs  with  the  air.  It  is  also  pro- 
pagated by  the  germs  being  taken  into  the  stomach 
with  the  food  or  water.  In  stables  where  a  large  num- 
ber of  cattle  are  kept  it  is  very  liable  to  spread  if  there 
is  an  infected  cow  in  the  herd.  It  is  not  nearly  so  fatal 
in  cattle  as  in  man.  It  is  only  when  a  considerable  sur- 
face of  the  lungs  or  some  other  organ  becomes  invol- 
ved that  disease  will  be  suspected.  In  the  first  stages 
of  the  disease  not  even  an  expert  could  detect  it  unless 
he  should  by  chance  find  the  germs  in  the  discharge 
from  the  nostrils,  that  is,  if  there  is  such  a  discharge. 
The  disease  sometimes  attacks  the  udder  and  teats  of 
cows.  The  germs  are  then  frequently  found  in  the  milk  it- 
self, rendering  the  latter  dangerous  to  the  health  of 
calves  or  human  beings  that  partake  of  it.  The  disease 
also  occasionally  attacks  the  joints  of  cows,  causing 
them  to  ulcerate.  The  cow  becomes  emaciated  and 
either  dies  or  has  to  be  killed.  When  the  lungs  become 
badly  affected  there  will  be  a  cough  and  often  a  dis- 
charge from  the  nostrils.  If  several  cows  should  show 
these  symptoms,  tuberculosis  will  very  probably  be  pre- 
sent, and  an  expert  should  be  immediately  called  in  to 
discover,  if  possible,  how  far  the  disease  has  progressed 
in  the  herd. 

TETANUS-LOCK-JAW. 

This  disease  usually  follows  wounds,  especially  punc- 
tured wounds,  and  more  especially  the  wound  called, 

7 


DISEASES     OF 


"  punctured  foot,"  caused  usually  by  "picking  up  nails." 
It  is  also  caused  by  a  germ.  The  reason  that  it  so  often 
follows  punctured  wounds  is  that  the  entrance  of 
air  into  such  wounds  is  prevented  by  the  walls  of  the 
wound  immediately  closing.  Investigations  have  re- 
cently discovered  that  the  germ  that  causes  lock-jaw 
cannot  grow  and  propagate  if  exposed  to  the  air  ;  but 
if  plante  I  in  suitable  material  and  air  be  excluded,  it 
thrives  and  is  propagated  with  rapidity.  This  germ, 
when  growing,  generates  an  intensely  active  poisonous 
substance,  having  much  the  same  properties  as  strych- 
This  poison  is  absorbed  into  the   system,  and, 


nine. 


acting  on  the  central  nervous  system,  causes  the  pecu- 


Appearance  of  horse  suffering  from  Lockjaw 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  99 

liar  muscular  contractions  seen  in  lock-jaw.  There  is 
not  the  least  doubt  that  this  is  the  true  cause,  as  recent 
experimentors  have  frequently  cultivated  the  germs 
out  of  the  body  and  filtered  them  so  as  to  separate  them 
from  the  poison,  and  then  injected  the  poison  into  ani- 
mals and  produced  true  lock-jaw. 

Symptoms — The  first  thing  noticed  usually  is  that  the 
animal  moves  rather  stiffly  ;  this  is  soon  followed  by  an 
inability  to  take  food,  although  the  attempt  to  eat  is 
frequently  made,  The  head  is  now  straightened  out, 
and  the  animal  will  present  the  appearance  as  seen  in 
figure  33.  If  an  attempt  is  made  to  turn  the  patient 
around,  it  will  be  found  that  it  is  unable  to  bend  the 
body.  The  muscles  will  be  very  hard  to  the  touch. 
On  account  of  the  spasm  of  the  muscles  of  the  throat, 
the  saliva  will  dribble  from  the  mouth  in  large  quanti- 
ties. 

Treatment — The  principles  of  treatment  that  are  here 
indicated  are  to  attempt  to  stop  the  growth  of  the 
germs,  and  consequently  the  formation  of  the  poison, 
by  allowing  free  access  of  air  to  all  parts  of  the  wound  ; 
and  to  drive  the  poison  out  of  the  body ;  also,  if  there 
is  much  excitement,  to  give  something  to  keep  the  ani- 
mal quiet.  First,  then,  the  wound  should  be  opened  so 
that  every  part  of  it  is  fully  exposed  to  the  air. 

Second,  give  the  following  draught  as  soon  as  possible : 
barbadoes  aloes,  1\  ounce,  powdered,  and  well  mixed 
with  a  pint  of  warm  water. 

With  this  may  be  given  a  pint  of  linseed  oil.  It  is 
frequently  very  difficult  to  administer  medicine  in  any 
form  by  the  mouth.  I  have  occasionally  caused  purg- 
ing by  injecting  a  fluid  solution  of  aloes  into  the  rec- 
tum.    The  animal  should  be  given  no  food  tor  at  least 


100  DISEASES     OF 

two  days,  and  must  be  kept  in  a  quiet,  dark  stall. 
Allow  the  patient  as  much  water  as  it  will  take.  Dress 
the  wound  twice  a  day  with  Heard's  Healing  Lotion, 
and  if  the  patient  seems  to  suffer  much  pain,  adminis- 
ter a  bottle  of  Heard's  Magic  Mixture.  If  the  animal 
inproves,  give  it  soft  food,  oat-meal  drinks,  grass  if  in 
season  and  linseed-tea.  I  have  had  success  in  a  num- 
ber of  cases  of  this  fatal  disease  by  the  above  men- 
tioned treatment. 

GLANDERS— FARCY. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  dangerous  and  fatal  diseases 
to  which  the  horse  is  liable. 

Causes. — An  animal  that  has  suffered  from  any  de- 
bilitating disease,  such,  as  for  example,  distemper,  is  more 
liable  to  contract  the  disease  than*  one  in  perfect  health. 
Abrasions  or  sores  on  the  gums  or  lips  will  afford  easy 
access  to  the  germs.  In  a  large  number  of  cases  this 
disease  is  taken  at  a  public  watering  trough;  sometimes 
in  blacksmith  shops,  sometimes  in  livery  stables,  where 
strange  horses  are  frequently  put  up  for  a  short  time 
to  feed,  etc.  In  every  case  we  may  be  certain  that  it  is 
taken  from  a  pre-existing  case  of  glanders,  although 
the  animal  from  which  the  disease  is  taken  may  not 
have  been  in  contact  with  the  inoculated  animal  at  all, 
nor  in  fact  been  at  the  place  of  infection  for  months.  It 
has  been  asserted  that  the  germs  of  glanders  will  live 
for  many  months  when  deposited  on  boards  or  other 
materials  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  stables. 
The  germs  may  be  mixed  with  mucus  and  be  deposited 
on  the  boards  in  front  of  a  stall;  another  animal  rub- 
bing its  lips  on  the  boards  is  liable  to  take  the  disease. 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  101 

The  growth  of  the  germs  of  glanders  is  very  slow  when 
compared  with  many  others,  but  they  are  extremely  tena- 
cious of  life. 

Symptoms — The  germs  having  gained  access  to  the 
body,  they  usually  cause  small  tubercles  to  be  formed 
in  the  lungs  and  air-passages. 

When  these  tubercles  break  down  there  will  be  a  dis- 
charge of  pus  and  mucus  from  the  nostrils.  The  first 
thing  noticed  usually  is  that  there  is  a  slight  discharge 
from  one  nostril  with  a  swelling  under  the  lower  jaw- 
about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  rather  loosely  connected, 
and  not  very  tender  to  the  touch.  This  may  continue 
about  the  same  size  for  a  long  time,  and  as  there  are  no 
constitutional  symptoms,  no  dangerous  disease  is  sus- 
pected. These  are  the  really  dangerous  cases  and  the 
ones  from  which  nine-tenths  of  the  cases  are  propa- 
gated. The  owner  will  usually  say  the  horse  has  had 
distemper  and  hasn't  got  rid  of  it  yet :  that  he  eats  all 
right  and  works  well,  in  fact  that  there  is  virtually 
nothing  the  matter  with  his  horse.  I  have  known 
horses  to  keep  fat  and  work  well  for  a  year  or  two  with 
glanders  in  this  mild  and  evidently  local  form.  Always 
beware  of  a  horse  that  has  a  movable  swelling  under 
the  jaw  and  a  discharge  from  the  nostril  on  the  corres- 
ponding side.  After  a  while  the  disease  assumes  a 
more  severe  form  ;  there  is  a  discharge  from  both  nos- 
trils ;  the  horse  gets  thin,  cannot  work  with  comfort 
any  more,  and  we  will  be  liable  to  notice  ulcers  on  the 
mucus  membrane  of  the  nostrils  which  makes  the 
diagnosis  certain.  Swellings  may  now  appear  on  the 
surface  of  the  body,  which  soon  break  and  discharge 
pus  and  the  resulting  sores  refuse  to  heal.  .  In  a  short 
time  the  animal  will  die. 


102 


DISEASES     OF 


At  other  times  tins  disease  will  appear  as  farcy,  a 
disease  that  is  caused  by  the  same  germ,  and  in  fact 
may  have  been  taken  from  one  of  the  above  described 
cases.  Farcy  selects  the  skin  for  attack  instead  of  the 
air-passages.  It  is  indicated  by  little  swellings  on  the 
skin,  usually  of  the  limbs.  These  soon  break  and  dis- 
charge pus  freely,  and  do  not  heal  when  treated  as  ordi- 
nary wounds.  In  a  day  or  two  the  limbs  are  seen  to 
swell  considerably,  and  after  two  or  three  weeks  they 
are  a  mass  of  sores. 

Prevention. — It  has  usually  been  considered  that  all 
cases  were  fatal,  but  there  are  two  or  three  facts  that 
indicate  an  occasional  recovery  from  a  local  infection. 
First,  it  is  known  that  a  glanderous  ulcer  in  the  nostril 
has  healed.  Second,  there  are  a  few  pretty  well  authenti- 
cated cases  of  recovery  from  mild  local  attacks.  Third, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  cases  of  recovery  from  gland- 
ers in  man  is  that  of  Doctor  Paquin,  who  was  for  a  long 
time  state  veterinarian  in  one  of  the  western  states 
(Illinois,  I  think).  Recovery,  however,  is  exceedingly 
rare,  and  on  account  of  the  ease  with  which  man  is  in- 
oculated with  this  disease,  all  animals  suffering  from  it 
should  be  immediately  destroyed;  in  fact,  nearly  all  of 
the  states  have  laws  to  this  effect.  All  suspected  cases 
should  be  immediately  isolated  in  a  small  pen  or  shed. 
I  have  known  a  single  glandered  horse  to  infect  a  herd 
of  40  when  turned  out  to  }3asture.  Therefore  on  no  ac- 
count should  a  horse  that  is  even  suspected  to  have 
glanders  be  turned  out  to  pasture  with  other  horses. 
And  remember  that  the  most  dangerous  case  is  the  ani- 
mal that  is  supposed  to  have  very  little  the  matter  with 
it.  All  stables  where  horses  with  glanders  have  been 
kept  should  be  thoroughly  disinfected  by  washing  all 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  103 

materials  Witli  which  the  horse  may  have  been  in  con- 
tact with  the  following  solution  :  corrosive  sublimate, 
one  ounce,  dissolved  in  two  gallons  of  water;  everything 
to  be  washed  with  it  twice  a  week  for  two  weeks. 


DISEASES  OF  THE   RESPIRATORY  ORGANS. 
SORE  THROAT. 

It  is  a  very  common  thing  for  horses  to  have  an 
inflammation  of  some  part  of  the  throat.  This  part  may 
be  the  tonsils,  the  palate  or  the  larynx. 

Causes. — Anything  which  predisposes  an  animal  to 
take  cold,  as  a  debilitated  state  of  the  constitution, 
standing  in  drafts  when  perspiring,  etc.,  are  the  most 
frequent  causes  of  this  trouble. 

Symptoms. — There  will  often  be  slight  fever  in  the 
first  stages  of  this  disease,  with  the  pulse  somewhat 
quickened.  If  the  palate  and  tonsils  are  involved,  there 
will  be  a  great  disinclination  to  take  food,  and  if  the 
mouth  is  opened  it  will  be  frequently  found  filled  with 
saliva  and  mucus,  which  will  dribble  from  it.  Most 
horses  suffering  from  this  disorder  will  only  take  small 
quantities  of  water  and  often  none  at  all  for  a  day  or 
two.  Unless  there  is  much  swelling  in  the  larynx,  the 
breathing  will  be  about  normal.  We  may  not  have  any 
cough,  but  if,  by  squeezing  the  upper  part  of  the  wind- 
pipe, a  cough  is  forced,  it  will  be  very  soft,  as  if  the 
animal  was  afraid  of  hurting  the  already  tender  throat. 
In  fact,  the  cough  of  sore  throat  is  entirely  character- 
istic. The  horse  sometimes  holds  the  head  somewhat 
straightened  out.     When  the  walls  of  the  pharynx  are 


104  DISEASES   OF 


much  swollen,  if  allowed  to  drink,  the  water  will  escape 
by  the  nostrils  as  shown  in  Fig.  34. 


Fig.  34;    Representation  of  horse  with  sore  throat  and  water  escaping  by  the 
nostrils  while  drinking. 

Treatment.—  Perfect  rest ;  keep  the  animal  warm 
with  plenty  of  surface  clothing  and  bandages  on  the 
legs,  and  rub  Heard's  American  Embrocation  on  the  throat 
3  times  a  day.  Place  on  the  tongue  with  a  spoon  or 
flat  piece  of  wood  about  a  tablespoonful  of  the  follow- 
ing paste  :  syrup,  one-half  pint ;  chlorate  of  potash,  2 
oz. ;  quinine,  2  drams  ;  oil  of  tar,  2  drams  ;  licorice 
powder,  1  oz. ;  mix  well.  Give  this  4  times  a  day.  If 
there  is  no  other  complication,  this  is  not  a  dangerous 
disease,  but  when  badly  treated  the  membranes  of  the 
throat  are  sometimes  permanently  thickened,  which  is 
occasionally  the  cause  of  roaring.  The  animal  should 
be  allowed  to  properly  recover  from  the  disease  before 
being  worked.  When  the  appetite  returns  give  Heard's 
Quinine  Condition  Powders  3  times  a  day  as  a  tonic. 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS.  105 

This  will  be  found  to  produce  the  best  possible  condi- 
tion in  a  very  short  space  of  time. 


ROARING. 

This  is  a  disease  in  which  there  is  a  loud  sound  pro- 
duced by  the  air  passing  through  a  restricted  tube  dur- 
ing respiration,  while  the  animal  is  undergoing  great 
exertion.  The  constriction  in  the  air  passage  is  in  the 
larynx,  and  in  nearly  all  cases  is  due  to  a  paralysis  of 
the  muscles  on  one  side  of  the  throat,  which  allows  the 
muscles  on  the  other  side  to  draw  the  cartilages  toward 
that  side,  and  thus  obstruct  the  passage  of  air  through 
the  windpipe.  If  the  constriction  is  due  to  a  thicken- 
ing of  the  membranes  of  tne  throat,  following  a  sore 
throat,  there  is  good  ground  to  hope  for  a  recovery, 
and  I  have  known  many  such  cases  ;  but  when  it  is  due 
to  a  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  one  side  of  the  throat, 
the  case  is  a  hopeless  one,  or  at  any  rate  is  only  curable  by 
an  operation,  and  then  the  chances  are  rather  against  a 
perfect  cure.  If  the  roaring  follows  a  severe  sore  throat, 
it  is  always  prudent  to  attempfa  cure,  and  nothing  will 
be  so  successful  in  bringing  about  that  event  as  the 
administration  of  Heard's  Quinine  Condition  Powders 
and  the  application  3  times  a  day  of  Heard's  American 
Embrocation,  to  be  continued  until  the  neck  is  slightly 
blistered.     The  animal  to  have  gentle  work. 


106  DISEASES   OF 


BRONCHITIS  AND  PNEUMONIA— LUNG   FEVER 
—INFLAMMATION  OF  LUNGS- 

Although  for  the  professional  veterinarian  these  two 
diseases  should  be  studied  apart  and  their  individuality 
be  kept  distinct,  the  ordinary,  every-day  stock  owner 
would  be  simply  baffled  should  an  attempt  be  made  to 
distinguish  them  in  a  book  of  this  description.  For  the 
convenience  of  the  stockman  I  shall  therefore  consider 
them  as  one. 

Bronchitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  air  tubes  that 
ramify  all  through  the  lungs.  Pneumonia  is  an  inflam- 
mation of  the  structures  of  the  lungs  that  lie  outside  of 
the  bronchial  tubes.  But  the  two  diseases  very  fre- 
quently exist  together,  and  we  find  in  most  cases  that 
the  tubes  and  other  structures  of  the  lungs  are  all 
considerably  involved  in  the  diseased  process. 

Causes.  — The  most  common  is  exposure  to  cold  damp 
weather  or  drafts,  especially  when  a  long  coat  is  satu- 
rated with  perspiration.  Consequently  in  the  fall  before 
horses  are  clipped,  these  diseases  are  always  more  or  less 
common.  It  is  sometimes  caused  by  small,  thread-like 
worms  (filaria)  in  the  windpipe  or  trachea.  Calves  and 
lambs  are  particularly  subject  to  the  disease  from  this 
cause  in  some  localities.  I  have  seen  many  cases  of 
bronchitis  follow  careless  drenchings  (giving  liquid  med- 
icines). 

Symptoms. — Usually  the  first  thing  noticed  is  that 
the  animal  seems  disinclined  to  move  around  freely  or 
it  may  seem  to  lag  in  its  work.  The  attendant  will  no- 
tice that  it  does  not  look  as  well  as  usual.     After  being 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  107 

allowed  to  sta§r  quiet  for  half  an  hour  in  the  stable,  an 
examination  should  be  made  about  as  follows  : 

First — The  number  of  respirations  in  the  minute 
should  be  counted;  if  normal,  they  will  probably  num- 
ber between  12  and  16  a  minute.  If  the  number  is 
greater  than  1G  the  lungs  are  probably  diseased. 

Second — By  placing  the  ear  to  the  chest  behind  the 
elbow,  the  heart  will  be  heard  beating  against  it.  The 
beats  should  be  counted;  if  normal,  we  shall  find  between 
35  and  42  beats  a  minute.  I  will  here  mention  that  in  some 
horses,  especially  if  they  are  at  all  nervous,  the  heart 
beats  will  be  much  quickened  when  the  ear  is  first 
placed  to  the  chest,  therefore  the  count  should  be  made 
about  two  minutes  after  applying  the  ear  to  it.  If  the 
pulse  numbers  more  than  42  to  the  minute,  there  will  be 
some  fever.  The  rise  in  temperature  will  be  indicated 
pretty  correctly  by  the  pulse;  and  the  experienced  ex- 
aminer can  usually  guess  the  temperature  pretty  accu- 
rately by  noting  the  quality  and  number  of  the  pulse 
or  heart  beats. 

Third — Every  stock  owner  should  be  supplied  with 
a  clinical  thermometer  for  taking  the  temperature  of 
animals  that  may  be  sick,  and  as  they  can  be  obtained 
for  about  $1.25,  the  price  is  no  object  when  compared 
to  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  its  use.  Many  a 
severe  attack  of  disease  would  be  cut  in  the  bud  if  the 
owner  of  the  animal  could  detect  its  beginning.  A 
stock  owner  would  soon  learn  the  value  of  such  an 
accurate  aid  as  the  clinical  thermometer.  If  the  tem- 
perature of  the  horse  is  above  102  degrees,  Fah.,  there 
is  disturbance  enough  in  the  system  to  make  it  obliga- 
tory on  the  owner  to  take  some  steps  either  to  stop  its 
further  rise  or  to  diminish  it.    It  should  be  remembered 


108 


DISEASES   OF 


that  exercise  will  always  increase  the  number  of  respir- 
ations and  pulse  beats,  and  also  the  temperature, 
so  that  this  examination  should  be  made  at  least  a  half 
an  hour  or  an  hour  after  exercise  or  work.  The  tem- 
perature should  be  taken  as  follows  :  First  shake  the 
mercury  toward  the  bulb  until  it  falls  below  98|  de- 
grees ;  then  insert  the  thermometer  in  the  rectum, 
bulb  end  first,  till  it  is  within  a  half -inch  of  the  end, 
which  must  be  held  between  the  finger  and  thumb. 
Allow  it  to  remain  in  the  rectum  4  minutes  and  then 
withdraw  it.  By  noting  the  height  of  the  mercury  from 
the  bulb  the  number  of  degrees  of  temperature  will  be 
accurately  shown. 

If  the  horse  is  suffering  from  bronchitis,  there  will 
frequently  be  a  cough  from  the  first.  But  this  is  not 
so  noticeable  in  pneumonia  without  bronchitis.  If 
bronchitis  predominates,  it  will  be  discovered  by  plac- 
ing the  ear  in  front  of  the  chest  just  below  the  bottom 
of  the  windpipe,  and  hearing  a  sound  such  as  would  be 
produced  by  air  passing  through  a  fluid-like  material. 
This  is  a  sure  symptom  of  bronchitis.  If  pneumonia  of 
one  lung  only  is  present,  it  may  be  distinguished  by 
placing  the  ear  over  the  two  sides  of  the  chest  and 
listening  to  the  sounds  ;  there  will  be  a  difference  be- 
tween the  sound  on  the  diseased  side  and  the  normal 
side.  I  shall  forego  an  explanation  of  this  difference, 
as  this  work  is  written  for  the  average  stock  owner  and 
not  for  the  veterinarian.  The  importance  of  the  dis- 
covery that  the  two  lungs  do  not  give  the  same  sound 
is  very  great — it  determines  the  fact  that  one  or  the 
other  lung  is  diseased.  I  would  only  be  causing  the. 
stock  owner  more  difficulty  in  arriving  at  a  correct  con- 
clusion, by  complicating  the  description  with  matter 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  109 

that  would  take  up  at  least  seven  or  eight  pages  of  this 
book  if  I  were  writing  for  the  purpose  of  educating 
veterinarians  in  the  art  of  the  discovery  of  pneumonia 
in  all  or  a  small  part  of  a  lung.  The  ears  of  the  animal 
will  usually  be  cold,  but  in  some  cases  they  are  warmer 
than  usual.  The  appetite  usually  fails  shortly  after  the 
begining  of  the  disease  ;  but  some  horses  will  eat  con- 
siderable quantities  of  food,  especially  hay,  until  a  few 
hours  before  death  ;  and  here  lies  the  danger  in  these 
cases,  The  stockman  will  not  suspect  a  serious  and 
probably  fatal  disease  to  be  present  while  the  animal  is 
eating  almost  a  normal  amount  of  food.  It  cannot  be  too 
strongly  impressed  upon  the  minds  of  stockmen  that  the 
appetite  is  often  fairly  good  even  in  cases  of  bronchitis 
and  pneumonia.  In  bronchitis  we  often  have  a  discharge 
of  mucus  from  both  nostrils,  which  becomes  very  pro- 
fuse as  the  disease  advances.  In  pneumonia  we  some- 
times have  a  discharge,  but  here  it  has  a  pinkish  ap- 
pearance ;  if  the  disease  is  severe  it  may  somewhat 
resemble  blood.  This  is  the  so-called  pneumonia  exu- 
date. There  is  only  very  slight  pain  in  either  bronchitis 
or  pneumonia  ;  in  fact,  almost  none  at  all,  except  when 
pleurisy  is  present  with  the  pneumonia  ;  then  the  ani- 
mal will  usually  grunt  when  made  to  turn  around,  and 
will  sometimes  be  heard  to  do  so  when  standing  in  the 
stall.  A  horse  affected  with  these  diseases  will  rarely 
lie  down,  and  when  a  horse  that  is  in  the  habit  of  lying 
down  every  night,  is  discovered  to  have  remained 
standing  all  night,  he  should  be  carefully  watched  to 
see  if  it  is  repeated  on  the  following  night.  This  does 
not  apply  to  horses  that  rarely  or  never  lay  down  at 
night. 

Treatment. — If    discovered    in    time    and    remedial 


110  DISEASES    OF 

measures  are  applied  immediately,  bronchitis  and  pneu- 
monia are  rarely  fatal ;  in  fact,  taking  mild  and  severe 
cases  together,  I  don't  think  the  losses  from  these  'dis- 
eases in  my  practice  will  average  more  than  10  per  cent. 
Of  course  if  the  animal  is  continued  at  work  after  the 
advent  of  the  disease,  the  chances  of  recovery  will  be 
diminished.  Kest  should  be  ordered  immediately, 
blankets  should  be  put  on  to  keep  the  surface  of  the 
body  warm,  bandages  to  the  legs  and  a  hood  over  the 
neck  and  head.  Allow  no  food  to  be  given  for  at  least 
24  hours,  and  then  only  one  quart  of  bran  mixed  with 
a  gallon  of  water.  Allow  the  patient  as  much  water  as 
it  will  take.  Give  injections  of  warm  water  and  soap 
twice  a  day,  throwing  about  two  quarts  of  water  into 
the  rectum  at  each  injection.  Allow  good  ventilation 
through  the  stable  night  and  day;  don't  allow  your  stable 
to  have  a  suffocating  odor  when  you  enter  at  night 
a  few  hours  after  all  the  horses  are  in  and  the  doors 
closed.  Administer  a  tablespoonful  of  the  following 
paste  four  times  a  day  :  syrup,  one-half  pint ;  quinine, 
1  oz. ;  extract  belladonna,  one-half  ounce  ;  to  be  well 
mixed  and  placed  on  the  tongue  with  a  spoon  or  a  flat 
piece  of  wood.  This  treatment  to  be  continued  until 
an  improvement  takes  place,  when  the  paste  may  be 
given  twice  a  day.  Rub  the  sides  of  the  chest  and  un- 
der the  windpipe  4  times  a  day  with  Heard's  American 
Embrocation,  as  it  gives  instant  relief  to  the  tired  mus- 
cles that  are  used  in  breathing,  and  gives  them  exactly 
the  stimulation  they  require.  After  a  day  or  two  the 
patient  should  be  given  an  oatmeal  drink — made  by 
soaking  2  lbs.  of  oatmeal  in  a  pail  of  water  for  a  couple 
of  hours,  the  meal  to  be  well  rubbed  up  between  the 
hands  to  squeeze  out  the  most  nutritious  part  of  it.     If 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  Ill 

the  animal  refuses  to  eat  for  3  or  4  days,  and  the  debil- 
ity becomes  pronounced,  so  that  the  horse  sways  from 
side  to  side  when  led  out  of  the  stall — a  frequent  thing 
in  such  cases — give  about  4  quarts  of  milk  a  day  until 
the  appetite  returns.  Some  patients  will  drink  milk 
very  readily,  while  others  will  steadily  refuse  it,  and 
must  be  made  to  take  it  by  being  drenched  with  it  out 
of  a  bottle  or  preferably  a  horn.  A  half  a  pint  of  whis- 
key, mixed  with  a  pint  of  linseed  tea  and  given  3  times 
a  day  by  drenching,  is  often  followed  by  an  immediate 
change  for  the  better.  Keep  this  up  while  the  intense 
debility  lasts.  As  soon  as  the  temperature  of  the  pa- 
tient is  materially  reduced,  give  a  pint  or  two  of  oats 
twice  or  three  times  a  day,  allowing  only  a  pound  or 
two  of  hay  a  day  while  the  temperature  is  high.  If 
grass  is  in  season,  the  patient  should  get  from  2  to  6 
pounds  a  day  until  the  ternperature  is  nearly  normal. 
As  soon  as  the  appetite  has  been  fairly  well  established, 
give  Heard's  Condition  Powders  as  per  directions  on  the 
can.  It  will  be  found  that  the  strength  will  be  very 
rapidly  re-established.  By  carrying  out  the  treatment 
here  described,  many  animals  that  would  die  from  this 
disease  will  make  a  good  recovery.  On  no  account 
must  the  animal  be  put  to  work  before  a  complete  re- 
covery is  established,  and  then  the  labor  should  be  very 
light  for  some  time. 


PLEURISY. 

Causes. — Same  as  mentioned  for  bronchitis  and  pneu- 
monia. 

Symptoms — Mostly  the  same  symptoms  as  described 


112 


DISEASES     OF 


for  pneumonia,  except  that  there  is  rarely  any  cough  ; 
considerable  pain,  with  frequent  grunting,  especially 
when  the  patient  is  made  to  turn.  This  is  a  much  more 
dangerous  disease  because  of  the  tendency  to  rapidly  fill 
the  chest  with  fluid,  besides  which  it  is  frequently  com- 
plicated with  pneumonia.  In  fact,  the  inflammation  of 
the  pleura,  if  not  checked,  will  very  soon  extend  to  the 
lung  itself. 

Treatment. — Pursue  the  same  general  principles  of 
treatment  laid  down  for  bronchitis  and  pneumonia, 
with  this  variation  :  Drench  with  4  oz.  of  linseed  oil 
twice  a  day  for  two  days.  Apply  a  blister  prepared  by 
mixing  one-quarter  of  a  pound  of  mustard  and  one- 
third  of  a  bottle  of  Heard's  American  Embrocation  to  the 
sides  of  the  chest,  immediately  behind  the  elbow.  This 
should  be  well  rubbed  in  for  5  minutes  each  side,  and 
covered  by  a  layer  of  paper.  Don't  omit  the  injections 
of  warm  water  and  soap.  The  diet  should  be  regulated 
as  directed  for  pneumonia  ;  also  clothing,  ventilation, 
and  after  treatment. 

BROKEN    WIND— HEAVES. 

This  should  not  be  confounded  with  the  disease  of  the 
throat  in  which  a  loud  noise  is  heard  when  the  animal 
is  forced  to  great  exertion  and  known  as  "roaring." 

In  broken  wind  the  abdominal  muscles  will  be  seen 
to  heave  strongly  at  the  flanks  when  the  animal  is  put 
to  any  considerable  exertion.  There  is  also  a  peculiar 
cough,  which  is  quite/  distinctive,  and  this  is  often  ac- 
companied by  an  escape  of  flatus  from  the  anus.  There 
is  nearly  always  a  disordered  condition  of  the  digestive 
system,  with  an  extraordinary  appetite.      As  this  is  an 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  113 

incurable  disease,  the  treatment  can  only  be  palliative. 
The  most  important  point  is  to  attend  strictly  to  the 
diet.  Give  only  small  quantities  of  hay,  not  more  than 
6  lbs.  a  day,  in  two  portions,  for  an  ordinary  horse.  The 
administration  of  Dr.  Heard's  Condition  Powders  will 
cause  a  great  improvement  in  the  breathing,  and  if 
given  steadily,  many  wind-broken  horses  will  scarcely 
show  the  effects  of  the  disease,  when  put  to  ordinary 
work.  Its  effect  is  also  to  greatly  diminish  the  ten- 
dency to  cough. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM. 

CHOKING. 

% 

It  is  quite  common  for  the  veterinarian  to  be  called 
to  see  both  horses  and  cows  suffering  from  this  accident. 

Causes. — A  constriction  in  the  gullet  is  sometimes 
the  cause  of  an  obstruction  to  the  passage  of  food  into 
the  stomach.  Cows  are  often  choked  by  having  an  ear 
of  corn  impacted  in  the  gullet.  Other  obstructive  agents 
are  potatoes,  turnips,  beets,  carrots,  and  sometimes  hay; 
and  I  have  seen  several  cases  in  horses  that  were  caused 
by  the  impaction  of  oats  and  even  grass. 

Symptoms. — In  the  horse  there  is  a  very  profuse  flow 
of  saliva  and  mucus  from  the  mouth  and  nostrils;  spasms 
of  the  muscles  of  the  neck  will  occur  every  two  or  three 
minutes;  the  head  will  be  drawn  back,  the  neck  arched 
and  the  animal  will  show  great  uneasiness  as  seen  in 
8 


114 


DISEASES   OF 


Fig.  35.  A  swelling  will  often  be  noticed  on  the  left  side 
of  the  neck  in  the  grove,  above  the  windpipe.  The  horse 
will  often  cry  out  with  the  pain  when  the  spasms  come 
on. 


Fig.  35.    Horse  choked  by  an  obstruction  in  the  gullet. 


Treatment. — If  the  choking  is  in  that  part  cf  the  gul- 
let forward  of  the  chest,  and  the  swelling  caused  by  the 
obstruction  can  be  seen  and  felt,  an  attempt  must  be 
made  to  dislodge  it  by  moving  it  up  and  down  with  the 
hand,  using  great  pressure  if  necessary.  If  this  does 
not  succeed,  half  a  pint  of  linseed  oil  should  be  given 
as  a  drench.  This  lubricates  the  walls  of  the  gullet  and 
aids  the  passage  of  the  obstruction.  If  after  working 
in  this  manner  for  an  hour  or  so  the  obstruction  still  re- 
mains, an  attempt  mnst  be  made  to  force  it  along  by 
mechanical  means.  The  instrument  known  as  a  pro- 
bang  is  used  by  veterinarians,  but  as  the  average  stock- 
man would  not  be  able  to  obtain  its  use  readily  and  as 
in  many  cases  time  is  precious,  an  instrument  must  be 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  115 

improvised.  A  stiff  new  rope,  about  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter  will  usually  answer  the  purpose.  Open 
the  mouth  and  give  the  tongue  to  an  assistant  to  hold, 
while  the  operator  pushes  the  rope  back  over  the  tongue 
and  through  the  pharynx  to  the  gullet  Push  it  along 
until  it  reaches  the  obstruction;  then  turn  it  around  by 
a  rotary  motion,  good  pressure  being  exerted  at  the 
same  time.  In  this  way  the  obstruction  will  usually  be 
passed  along  the,  gullet  and  into  the  stomach.  With- 
draw the  rope.  There  is  no  danger  in  this  operation. 
Immediately  after  the  obstruction  is  removed,  the  mus- 
cular spasms  will  cease,  the  animal  will  appear  to  be 
easy,  and  the  pain  have  disappeared.  The  horse  should 
now  be  fed  on  soft,  sloppy  food  for  about  24  hours  to 
prevent  a  recurrence  of  the  trouble. 

STOMACH  STAGGERS,  SLEEPY  STAGGERS,  OR 
GORGED  STOMACH. 

Causes. — Over  feeding  is  the  main  cause — often  the 
result  of  a  horse  being  loose  at  night,  gaining  access  to 
the  grain  bin,  and  gorging  itself  with  food. 

Symptoms. — As  a  result  of  decomposition  or  chemi- 
cal change  of  the  food  in  cases  of  this  disease,  there 
seems  to  be  formed  a  product  which  has  a  very  strong 
toxic  effect  on  the  nervous  system.  The  animal  will 
probably  be  found  standing  in  the  stall  with  the  head 
drooping  or  perhaps  with  the  forehead  pushed  up  close 
to  the  wall  in  front  of  the  stall.  When  asked  to  move 
in  the  usual  way,  it  takes  no  notice  of  the  request.  If 
made  to  move  over  in  the  stall  by  pushing,  it  will  prob- 
ably stagger,  and  almost  fall  down.  If  you  take  it  by 
the  halter  and  push  it  back  a  step  or  two,  it  is  likely  to 


116 


DISEASES    OF 


push  forward  again  as*  soon  as  allowed  freedom  of  the 
head.     This  condition   is  well  represented  in   Fig.  36. 


Fig.  36.    Horse  suffering  from  stomach  staggers. 

Horses  remain  in  this  condition  for  days  at  a  time,  but 
by  appropriate  treatment  gradually  regain  their  nor- 
mal powers  of  motion.  They  sometimes  get  worse,  de- 
lerium  comes  on,  and  they  know  nothing  that  is  going 
on  around  them.  They  may  become  furiously  mad  or 
utterly  paralyzed  and  helpless,  which  increases  until 
death. 

Treatment. — No  time  should  be  lost  in  getting  the 
following  medicines  into  the  patient :  one  ounce  of  bar- 
badoes  aloes,  powdered,  and  mixed  with  a  quart  of  lin- 
seed oil,  to  be  given  as  a  drench.  Injections  of  soap  and 
warm  water  to  be  given  every  three  hours.     One  oz.  of 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  117 

bicarbonate  of  soda,  disolved  in  a  pint  of  water,  to  be 
given  every  four  hours.  If  the  bowels  have  not  moved 
briskly  in  36  hours,  give  a  pint  of  linseed  oil,  and  re- 
peat every  12  hours  until  they  do  so  move.  Give  no 
food,  but  allow  as  much  water  as  the  animal  will  take. 

FLATULENT  OR  WIND  COLIC. 

Causes.  —  In  these  cases  we  have  great  distention  of 
some  of  the  abdominal  viscera  by  gases  that  are  formed 
as  a  product  of  the  decomposition  of  food.  It  may  fol- 
low a  hearty  meal  of  grass,  or  even  an  ordinary  feed  of 
oats. 

Symptoms. —  The  animal  usually  shows  the  first 
symptom  of  uneasiness  by  pawing;  soon  an  attempt  is 
made  to  lie  down;  the  belly  soon  begins  to  enlarge; 
there  is  swelling  at  the  flanks;  perspiration  becomes  pro- 
fuse; breathing  becomes  somewhat  labored  and  difficult; 
eructation  of  gases  often  takes  place,  when  the  stomach 
is  the  seat  of  the  disease,  and  food  is  often  ejected  from 
the  stomach  through  the  mouth  and  nostrils  in  consider- 
able quantities.  I  know  that  most  authorities  have  as- 
serted the  impossibility  of  the  latter  proceeding,  but  I 
have  witnessed  it  in  many  cases,  and  in  which  recovery 
subsequently  took  place.  The  distention  is  sometimes 
so  great  that  the  animal  in  tumbling  around  ruptures 
the  stomach  or  perhaps  an  intestine.  This  allows 
the  escape  of  the  contents  of  the  viscera,  and  is  sure  to 
end  in  death. 

Treatment. —  When  first  noticed  give  a  bottle  of 
Heard's  Magic  Colic  Mixture,  and  begin  to  give  the 
soap  and  warm  water  injections  every  hour.  Now  ap- 
ply some  of  Heard's  American  Embrocation  to   the  skin 


118 


DISEASES     OF 


under  the  abdomen,  rubbing   it   well   in.      This   often 
starts   an   immediate   action,  of   the 

1  bowels.      If  not  relieved  in  an  hour 

and  a  half,  give  another  bottle  of 
the  Magic  Mixture,  and  apply  the 
Embrocation  as  before.  If  at  the  end 
of  another  hour  the  gases  are  not 
freely  escaping  from  the  rectum,  the 
operation  of  tapping  should  be  per- 
formed as  follows  :  with  a  trochar, 
I  seen  in  Figure  37,  make  a  puncture 

I  as  seen  in  Figure  38,  as  deep  as  the 


Pig.  38c    Place  to  puncture  in  flatulent  colic. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  119 

length  of  the  trochar  will  allow.  On  withdrawing  the 
trochar  the  gases  will  usually  escape  until  the  distention 
nearly  or  quite  disappears.  The  animal  immediately 
becomes  easy,  and  will  frequently  remain  so.  If  you  do 
not  succeed  in  striking  the  gases  at  A  in  the  above 
figure,  a  puncture  should  be  made  at  B,  in  the  floor  of 
the  abdomen.  I  have  never  seen  any  bad  result  from 
this  operation,  except  the  occasional  formation  of  an 
abscess  on  the  side,  which  is  easily  cured.  Give  the  pa- 
tient no  food  for  24  hours,  and  then  very  sparingly. 
Allow  plenty  of  water  to  drink. 

SPASMODIC  COLIC. 

Causes. — This  form  of  colic  is  produced  by  spasm  of 
a  portion  of  the  intestine.  It  is  frequently  caused  by 
the  animal  taking  too  large  a  quantity  of  indigestible 
food,  as  the  straw  used  for  bedding,  &c,  or  a  large 
quantity  of  cold  water  when^n  a  heated  condition;  also 
by  exposure  to  cold  rains,  over-driving  for  long  distan- 
ces, etc. 

Symptoms. — A  notable  fact  is  that  the  pains  come 
and  go  at  short  intervals.  The  intermissions  will  vary  in 
all  cases,  sometimes  being  only  a  minute  or  two  ;  at 
other  times  the  animal  may  enjoy  a  rest  of  at  least  15 
minutes,  when  the  pains  will  suddenly  come  again. 
The  pain  is  rarely  continuous  in  the  early  stage  of  the 
disease.  The  presence  of  pain  is  shown  by  the  animal 
pawing,  lying  down,  and  in  some  cases  kicking  around 
violently,  rolling  over,  etc.  There  is  great  uneasiness 
generally.  As  the  disease  progresses  the  intermissions 
between  the  pains  become  shorter  and  shorter  until 
pain  becomes  continuous.     The  animal  often  makes  fre- 


120  DISEASES    OP 

quent  attempts  to  pass  the  urine,  without  passing  much 
at  any  one  time;  from  this  fact  the  owner  is  usually  con- 
vinced that  it  is  suffering  from  disease  of  the  kidnej^s, 
or  bladder  ;  but  although  I  have  made  examinations  of 
the  bladder  in  hundreds  of  such  cases,  I  have  never 
found  it  distended  with  urine  in  but  one  case,  and  in 
that  case  I  drew  off  the  water  by  the  catheter.  The 
animal  continued  to  suffer  pain  for  some  time  after,  thus 
showing  that  the  bladder  distention  was  not  the  cause 
of  the  pains.  In  fact,  about  the  only  disease  of  the 
urinary  organs  that  would  cause  such  severe  pains 
would  be  stone  in  the  bladder,  which  is  a  very  rare  oc- 
currence. 

Treatment. — As  soon  as  an  animal  is  taken  with  this 
disease,  give  a  bottle  of  Dr.  Heard's  Magic  Colic  Mix- 
ture, and  the  effect  will  really  seem  to  be  magical,  for 
in  many  instances  the  pains  cease  in  a  few  seconds  and 
the  animal  becomes  quiet.  If  the  disease  is  allowed  to 
progress  for  some  time  before  the  mixture  is  given,  the 
medicine  is  not  absorbed  so  readily,  and  the  effect  is 
not  so  sudden  and  well  marked.  Because  the  animal 
has  become  quiet,  it  is  not  always  safe  to  treat  it  as  if 
there  had  been  nothing  ailing  it;  but  injections  of  warm 
water  and  soap  should  be  given  every  hour  until  the 
bowels  move  freely.  Allow  a  moderate  quantity  of 
water  to  drink,  but  no  food  for  12  hours,  and  then  only 
a  small  quantity.  If  the  pains  return,  or  if  they  do  not 
cease  within  an  hour  or  so,  give  another  bottle  of  the 
Magic  Mixture,  and  apply  very  hot  fomentations  to  the 
abdomen  for  15  minutes,  after  which  rub  in  a  couple  of 
tablespoonfuls  of  Dr.  Heard's  American  Embrocation  to 
prevent  the  animal  being  chilled.  This  will  cure  all 
cases  of  ordinary  colic.     When  it  fails,  if  you  will  take 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  121 

the  trouble  to  make  a  post-mortem  examination,  you  will 
most  likely  find  one  of  the  following  conditions;  Gut-tie, 
intussusception  (the  doubling  of  a  portion  of  an  intes- 
tine within  another  portion),  twisted  intestine,  rupture  of 
the  intestine,  or  mechanical  stoppage  in  the  bowels  from 
some  cause.  In  all  these  accidents  the  pain  resulting 
will  be  continuous.  If  the  bowels  do  not  act  fairly  well 
within  36  hours  after  an  attack  of  colic,  the  patient 
should  be  given  a  pint  of  linseed  oil,  which  may  be  re- 
peated every  12  hours  until  the  bowels  move  freely. 
When  recovery  occurs  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  attacks 
of  pain  become  less  and  less  frequent  until  they  cease 
altogether. 

DIARRHEA— SCOURS. 

Causes. — The  causes  of  this  disease  are  frequently  of 
a  constitutional  nature,  but  it  may  also  be  caused  by 
feeding  too  much  green  an  4  tender  grass,  new  hay  or 
oats,  musty  ha}^,  in  which  there  is  a  large  amount  of  the 
various  forms  of  fungi.  Hard  driving  will  often  cause 
it.  But  whatever  the  cause,  the  looseness  of  the  bowels 
will  be  due  to  an  abnormal  irritation  of  the  intestinal 
canal. 

Symptoms. — The  animal  will  show  an  unnatural  loose- 
ness of  the  bowels,  which  if  continued  for  any  length  of 
time  will  cause  it  to  feel  weary,  and  to  lag  in  the  har- 
ness. It  will  often  refuse  to  take  its  food  after  a  drive; 
perhaps  it  will  take  a  chill  after  being  allowed  a  drink 
of  water.  Horses  subject  to  this  disease  rarely  carry 
much  flesh,  although  they  will  frequently  stand  con- 
siderable hard  work.  Symptoms  of  colicky  pains  will 
sometimes   be  noticed   after  a  hard   drive.     If   driven 


122  DISEASES  OP 

long  distances  in  very  warm  weather,  they  are  liable 
to  become  exhausted  and  die  in  a  short  time.  I  can 
call  to  mind  several  such  cases. 

Treatment. — Try  to  prevent  the  occurrence  of  this 
condition  by  changing  the  diet,  and  if  no  improvement 
is  noticed  mix  a  teaspoonf  ul  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  with 
the  food  in  the  morning.  This  will  counteract  the  tend- 
ency to  acidity  in  the  intestinal  canal.  I  have  cured 
many  bad  cases  of  chronic  diarrhea  in  horses  by  this 
simple  treatment.  In  some  cases  however,  very  little 
improvement  is  noticed.  Give  a  drink  of  a  half  a  pail 
of  water,  in  which  has  been  mixed  a  handful  of  starch. 
If  symptoms  of  colicky  pains  are  present,  give  a  bottle  of 
Dr.  Heard's  Magic  Colic  Mixture,  and  allow  the  horse  to 
rest  a  day  or  two.  There  are  cases  in  which  Dr.  Heard's 
Condition  Powders  will  effect  a  cure,  but  I  cannot  re- 
commend it  as  a  universal  remedy  for  this  disease. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  LIVER. 

Serious  disease  of  this  organ  is  very  rare  in  horses,  al- 
though temporary  derangement  of  function  is  often  pres- 
ent as  a  result  of  disease  of  other  organs,  or  in  attacks 
of  influenza,  and  from  over-feeding  with  no  exercise. 

Symptoms. — When  the  liver  cells  fail  to  perform  their 
function,  the  mucus  membranes  of  the  eye-lids  and  nos- 
trils will  show  a  yellowish  tinge,  the  bowels  are  con- 
stipated, and  if  long  continued,  the  appetite  begins  to 
fail. 

Treatment. — Give  the  animal  some  exercise  if  the  de- 
rangement is  due  to  want  of  work  and  over-feeding. 
Cut  down  the  allowance  of  food  a  half,  and  give  Dr. 
Heard's  Condition  Powders  three  times  a  day  as  directed 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


123 


on  the  printed  label.     This  will  stimulate  the  action  of 
the  liver-cells,  and  cause  the  bile  to  flow  more  freely. 

DISEASE   OF   THE   URINARY   ORGANS. 

Here  again  it  is  rare  to  find  horses  affected  with  dis- 
ease of  those  organs.  A  few  years  ago  I  was  much  in- 
terested in  the  special  study  of  kidney  diseases,  and  I 
embraced  the  opportunity  of  making  examinations  of 
the  kidneys  of  all  the  worn  out  horses  that  were  killed 
to  be  used  as  food  by  the  animals  in  the  Central  Park 
menagerie.  Although  I  made  over  70  post-mortems 
and  a  detailed  microscopic  examination  of  stained  sec- 
tions of  the  kidney  in  each  case,  I  failed  to  find  any 
with  serious  kidney  disease,  the  same  as  is  seen  so  fre- 
quently in  man.  I  found  one  animal  that  had  a  cyst 
that  contained  over  a  pint  of  water,  but  its  physical 
condition  seemed  to  be  fair.  The  tubules  and  glomer- 
uli of  the  kidney  in  all  cases  were  in  fairly  good  condi- 
tion. However,  we  do  occasionally  have  inflammation 
of  the  kidneys,  as  also  the  condition  known  as  diabetes 
(sugar  in  the  urine),  but  although  I  have  made  numer- 
ous chemical  examinations  of  horse  urine,  I  have  never 
yet  been  able  to  find  sugar  present.  I  know  that  the 
common  opinion  among  horsemen  is  that  horses  are  fre- 
quently the  subjects  of  kidney  troubles.  I  think  this 
is  due  to  the  fact  that  in  many  cases  of  disease  the  urine 
is  only  scantily  voided  ;  but  this  is  because  absorption 
from  the  bowels  is  not  going  on,  or  only  very  slowly, 
and  the  condition  of  the  blood  is  such  that  excretion  by 
the  kidneys  is  partly  or  wholly  suspended,  and  not  be- 
cause the  kidneys  themselves  are  diseased. 


124  DISEASES    OF 

In  this  jilace  it  will  probably  be  a  convenience  to  the 
stock-owner  if  I  say  a  few  words  on 

POLYUREA— PROFUSE  STALING  OR  PROFUSE 
URINATION. — Although  not  strictly  due  to  disease  of 
the  kidneys,  the  most  prominent  symptom — that  of  pas- 
sing a  large  quantity  of  urine — will  lead  the  horse  own- 
er to  look  for  a  description  of  this  disease  under  the 
heading  of  "  Diseases  of  the  Urinary  Organs." 

Causes. — The  real  cause  or  causes  of  the  disordered 
condition  of  the  system  in  this  disease  is  not  well  under- 
stood. A  functional  derangement  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem, or  a  part  of  it,  seems  in  some  cases  to  be  the  lead- 
ing cause  of  excessive  urination.  The  condition  of  the 
blood  is  frequently  abnormal.  In  other  cases  we  cer- 
tainly have  functional  derangement  of  the  digestive 
system.  It  is  sometimes  present  as  a  complication  of 
pneumonia  or  other  lung  disease.  It  is  much  more  com- 
mon in  some  localities  and  in  some  seasons  than  in  others, 
which  would  seem  to  show  that  either  local  climatic  or 
food  influences  have  a  great  deal  to  do  with  its  causa- 
tion. It  is  said  that  improperly  cured,  or  musty  hay 
and  grain  are  active  causes;  we  know  that  several  cases 
will  sometimes  occur  on  the  same  farm. 

Symptoms. — The  one  prominent  symptom  of  course 
is  that  the  animal  passes  an  excessive  quantity  of  urine 
and  has  consequently  excessive  thirst.  This  is  often  pre- 
ceeded  by  a  dull  feeling.  The  animal  doesn't  drive  up 
as  well  as  usual;  there  may  or  may  not  be  a  loss  of  ap- 
petite, but  it  will  lose  flesh  rapidly,  and  in  a  day  or  two 
will  appear  to  be  unusually  weak;  when  in  this  condi- 
tion it  is  peculiarly  susceptible  to  colds,  and  lung  fever 
is  very  easily  developed.  The  urine  is  usually  clear — 
like  water. 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  125 

Treatment. — When  this  condition  is  discovered,  the 
animal  should  be  immediately  taken  from  work;  apply 
extra  clothing  to  keep  the  surface  of  the  body  warm; 
the  method  of  feeding  should  be  changed.  Put  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  in  half  a  pail  of  drink- 
ing water  three  times  a  day;  give  a  liberal  allowance  of 
water  to  drink — I  usually  allow  the  animal  as  much  as 
it  will  take;  give  it  about  three  quarts  of  milk  at  the 
first  morning  drink,  before  the  water.  Most  horses 
will  drink  milk  when  suffering  from  polyurea.  If  the 
milk  is  refused  at  the  first  offer,  try  again  in  half  an 
hour,  put  the  pail  in  the  manger  if  the  horse  is  slow 
about  taking  it.  Give  a  liberal  allowance  of  oatmeal 
water — water  in  which  oatmeal  has  been  soaked  for  a 
couple  of  hours  and  rubbed  between  the  hands  to  ex- 
tract its  nutritious  elements.  Keep  the  bowels  moving 
by  giving  warm  water  and  soap  injections  twice  a  day. 
In  many  cases  with  this  simple  treatment  the  profuse 
urination  will  disappear  in  two  or  three  days.  If,  how- 
ever, it  still  persists,  two  drams  of  iodide  of  potash 
should  be  mixed  with  an  equal  amount  of  powdered 
gentian,  made  into  a  ball  and  given  twice  daily.  This 
treatment  can  be  very  beneficially  combined  with  Dr. 
Heard's  Condition  Powders.  The  latter  should  be  ad- 
ministered for  some  time  after  the  disease  has  abated,  as 
they  are  essentially  tonic  and  will  greatly  assist  the  as- 
similation of  the  food. 

CATARRH  OF  THE  BLADDER  AND  URETHRA. 

Causes. — Stone  in  the  bladder  may  be  a  cause,  but  in 
the  majority  of  cases  it  is  caused  by  errors  of  diet,  the 
administration  of  medicines,  exposure  to  inclement 
weather,  or  is  a  complication  of  other  diseases. 


126  DISEASES   OF 

Symptoms. — There  is  a  frequent  desire  to  urinate,  but 
at  each  attempt  only  a  small  quantity  is  passed ;  frequent- 
ly, a  few  drops  only,  every  few  minutes.  In  this  respect 
it  differs  altogether  from  the  disease  last  described — 
Polyurea.  There  is  often  considerable  uneasiness, 
which  is  shown  by  the  frequent  changing  of  the  posi- 
tion of  the  hind  feet.  The  urine  is  apt  to  be  of  a  yellow 
cream  color  from  an  admixture  of  mucus  with  it.  In 
severe  cases  the  pain  will  become  more  severe  and  con- 
tinuous, and  there  will  be  a  loss  of  appetite,  with  fast 
breathing  and  accelerated  pulse. 

Treatment — The  bowels  should  be  kept  regular  by 
the  use  of  warm  water  and  soap  injections  twice  a  day. 
The  following  to  be  made  into  a  ball  and  given  twice  a 
day :  Sulphate  of  iron,  half  a  dram,  calomel,  half  a  dram, 
gentian,  two  drams,  linseed  meal,  two  drams.  Twenty 
drops  of  dilute  sulphuric  acid  may  be  advantageously 
given  in  the  water  three  times  a  day.  In  cases  where 
the  urine  is  markedly  acid,  give  a  teaspoonful  of  the  bi- 
carbonate of  soda  three  times  a  day  in  the  water.  See 
that  the  food  is  clean  and  sweet  smelling.  The  diet 
may  be  changed  to  advantage  in  many  cases. 

It  will  be  often  found  that  this  disease  is  very  slow 
to  disappear,  but  perseverance  in  the  above  methods  of 
treatment  will  in  nearly  all  cases  be  followed  by  a  per- 
manent cure.  If  there  are  calculi  or  stones  in  the  bladder, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  remove  them  before  recovery  can 
take  place. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  DISEASES. 
RHEUMATISM. 

This  disease  is  much  more  common  in  the  domestic 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


127 


animals  than  is  generally  supposed,  and  is  frequently  a 
very  stubborn  one  to  treat. 

Causes. — A  sluggish  liver  is  a  frequent  constitution- 
al cause.  There  may  also  be  an  inherited  tendency  to 
the  disease.  The  direct  causes  are  usually  connected 
with  such  agencies  as  lower  the  vital  energies,  as  bad 
ventilation,  errors  of  diet,  hard  work,  with  exposure  to 
great  changes  of  temperature,  and  atmospheric  humidi- 
ty (moisture).  Young  animals  are  more  subject  to 
rheumatism  than  those  of  mature  age. 

Symptoms.  — In  mild  cases  and  where  local,  there  will 
be  pain  on  pressure.  If  situated  in  the  limbs,  there  will 
be  lameness,  and  usually  of  a  rather  severe  character. 
We  frequently  have  a  swelling  of  the  part  affected. 
The  bowels  are  usually  constipated.  There  is  often  a 
tendency  in  this  disease  to  shift  from  one  limb  to  an- 
other. I  have  seen  two  such  cases  within  a  month,  in 
one  of  which  it  first  attacked  one  limb,  then  another, 
and  a  few  days  afterward  a%  third.  At  each  new  attack 
the  lameness  disappeared  from  the  limb  previously  affect- 
ed although  it  was  very  severe  in  each  limb  while  it  last- 
ed. There  was  also  considerable  swelling  and  intense 
pain  on  pressure.  There  is  frequently  a  great  tendency 
to  lie  down  the  greater  part  of  the  time.  This  is  very 
pronounced  where  we  have  constitutional  rheumatism 
affecting  the  whole  body.  Here  we  have  loss  of  appetite, 
high  fever,  and  the  early  appearance  of  sores  on  the  hips 
and  elbows  of  the  patient,  by  constantly  lying  on  the 
sides.  The  animal  will  often  refuse  to  stand  long  enough 
to  eat  a  little  food.  The  joints  and  tendons  of  the  limbs 
are  ^peculiarly  susceptible  to  rheumatic  inflammations. 

Treatment. — In  all  cases  of  Rheumatism,  whether 
local  or  general,  the  early  administration  of  the  follow- 


128  DISEASES   OF 

ing  ball  will  be  beneficial :  Barbadoes  aloes,  5  drams, 
ginger,  2  drams.  As  soon  as  the  cathartic  action  of  this 
medicine  has  passed  off,  give  the  following  ball  three 
times  a  day  :  iodide  of  potash,  1  dram,  calomel,  20  grains, 
gentian,  2  drams,  to  be  continued  for  several  days.  Al- 
low as  much  water  as  the  animal  will  take.  The  food 
should  be  given  rather  sparingly,  and  flax-seed  tea  made 
as  follows,  will  be  a  valuable  adjunct :  Boil  a  half  a  pint 
of  flax-seed  in  a  gallon  of  water  for  15  minutes,  and  give 
as  much  as  the  animal  will  take.  The  administration  of 
Dr.  Heard's  Condition  Powders  will  be  found  very  bene- 
ficial. Apply  a  small  quantity  of  Heard's  American  Em- 
brocation to  the  affected  limb,  over  which  should  be 
placed  a  woolen  bandage,  this  to  be  continued  twice  a 
day  until  the  skin  is  slightly  roughened.  Then  band- 
age loosely,  without  the  Embrocation  for  a  few  days, 
when,  if  the  animal  is  still  lame,  the  treatment  with  the 
Embrocation  should  be  repeated. 

LYMPHANGITIS—  INFLAMMATORY    OEDEMA.  — 
WEED—MONDAY  MORNING  DISEASE. 

This  is  a  peculiar  disease,  which  has  several  well 
marked  characteristics.  Common  bred  horses  are  the 
most  liable  to  it.  It  is  usually  caused  by  standing  a 
day  or  two  in  the  stable  after  an  extra  hard  week's  work. 
This  characteristic  is  so  prominent  that  it  has  been 
named  Monday  morning  disease.  It  may  occur,  how- 
ever, in  horses  that  have  had  no  exercise  for  several 
days,  and  that  have  had  a  liberal  allowance  of  food 
while  restin  The  hind  limbs  are  much  more  frequent- 
ly attacked  by  the  prominent  local  symptom, than  are  the 
fore  limbs,  and  the  left  hind  limb  more  frequently  than 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  129 

the  right.  In  figure  39,  we  have  a  good  picture  of  the 
appearance  of  a  horse  suffering  with  this  disease.  Al- 
though the  most  prominent  symptom  is  the  localized 
inflammatory  swelling,  it  is  undoubtedly  a  constitutional 
disease,  in  which  the  blood  is  surcharged  with  the  tissue- 


■£& 


Fig.  39.    Appearance  of  horse  with  Lymphangitis. 

forming  element  known  as  lymph,  and  containing  an 
excess  of  white  blood  cells.  % 

Causes. — Over  feeding  at  a  time  when  there  is  a 
want  of  sufficient  exercise  to  use  up  elements  that  are 
carried  into  the  circulatory  system.  An  overflow  is  na- 
ture's remedy  for  such  crowding.  The  circulation  being 
weakest  in  the  hind  limbs,  the  exudate  of  white  cor- 
puscles and  watery  parts  of  the  blood  takes  place  in 
this  locality. 

Symptoms. — The  most  prominent  and  diagnostic,  is 
the  swelling  of  one  or  more  of  the  limbs.  This  is  fre- 
quently so  sudden  that  the  limb  is  swollen  to  double 
the  natural  size  over  night.  There  is  a  considerable 
rise  of  temperature,  the  pulse  is  quickened,  and  the  res- 
9 


130  DISEASES   OF 

pirations  will  probably  be  accelerated.  There  will  be 
great  stiffness  of  the  affected  limb  and  considerable 
pain  when  handled.  The  pain  is  sometimes  so  great  in 
the  early  stages  that  the  animal  is  covered  with  perspir- 
ation. There  is  often  a  marked  loss  of  appetite.  The 
disease  has  a  tendency  to  recur  in  an  animal  that  has 
once  been  the  subject  of  it. 

Treatment. — If  taken  in  time— and  there  is  no  excuse 
for  delay  in  the  treatment  of  these  cases —  a  perfect  cure 
may  be  effected.  The  following  are  the  guiding  princi- 
ples :  allow  no  food  for  at  least  24  hours,  but  all  the 
water  that  the  animal  will  take.  The  medicinal  treat- 
ment will  consist  in  giving  a  cathartic  ball  made  as  fol- 
lows :  Barbadoes  aloes,  six  drams,  ginger,  1  dram,  with 
injections  of  warm  water  and  soap  until  purgation  fol- 
lows. The  local  treatment  will  consist  in  applying  hot 
water  to  the  limb  3  or  4  times  a  day  for  about  20  min- 
utes each  time.  After  each  bath  apply  a  little  of  Heard's 
American  Embrocation,  which  has  been  diluted  with  4 
parts  of  water  to  one  of  the  Embrocation.  As  soon  as 
the  purging  ceases,  this  should  be  followed  by  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  following  ball  twice  a  day  :  Iodide 
of  potassium,  1  dram,  calomel,  1  dram,  gentian,  3  drams. 
As  soon  as  the  patient  can  walk  around  without  evinc- 
ing much  pain,  it  should  be  given  a  short  walk  several 
times  a  day.  Feed  sparingly  for  about  2  weeks.  As 
soon  as  the  appetite  returns  and  there  is  no  lameness, 
give  gentle  work  for  a  short  time  each  day,  increasing 
the  amount  gradually  until  a  full  day's  work  is  well 
borne.  By  following  this  treatment  the  permanent  en- 
largement of  the  limb  called  elephantiasis  or  milk  leg  is 
prevented.  We  see  many  cases  where  the  limb  is  twice 
the  natural  size,  the  enlargement  being  of  a  permanent 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  131 

character.  When  this  condition  exists  the  case  is  incur- 
able. This  permanent  growth  is  formed  by  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  first  exudate,  in  the  same  manner  as  granula- 
tion tissue  is  formed.  Dr.  Heard's  Condition  Powders 
are  an  excellent  preventive  of  a  return  of  the  malady. 

PURPURA    HAEMORRHAGICA,   SOMETIMES 
CALLED    BIO  HEAD 

Somewhat  closely  related  to  the  last  described  disease 
is  that  of  Purpura  Haemorrhagica,  when  we  have  swell- 
ings suddenly  appear  in  different  parts  of  the  body. 
They  are  very  frequent  around  the  head,  the  lips  are 
sometimes  enormously  swollen,  the  walls  of  the  nostrils 
are  sometimes  so  much  enlarged  that  the  animal  is 
threatened  with  suffocation,  and  the  eyelids  are  often 
enormously  swollen.  The  limbs,  too,  are  frequently  the 
parts  where  large  swellings  suddenly  appear.  To  deter- 
mine the  exact  change  in  th^  constitution  of  the  animal 
exhibiting  these  local  evidences  of  disease  seems  to  be 
a  question  of  great  difficulty  wtth  pathologists.  It  seems 
to  me  that  writers  on  this  disease  have  unnecessarily 
complicated  the  subject,  especially  that  part  of  it  relat- 
ing to  causes.  The  swellings  are  undoubtedly  due  to 
an  escape  of  some  of  the  blood  elements  from  the  vessels 
that  normally  carry  the  blood.  Now,  if  we  remember 
that  the  blood  is  a  fluid  containing  an  enormous  num- 
ber of  individuals  perfectly  formed,  many  of  them  lead- 
ing an  independent  existence  in  that  fluid  in  the  same 
manner  as  do  some  of  the  animalculae  in  water,  having 
the  power  of  locomotion,  digestion,  respiration,  and 
propagation,  apparently  independent  of  each  other,  in- 
dividually subject  to  the  change  known  as  death,  which 


132  DISEASES    OF 

sometimes  takes  place  in  great  numbers  in  a  short  time 
without  the  death  of  the  whole  animal:  we  know  that  in 
this  disease  the  coloring  matter  of  the  blood  (  haematin  ) 
. — which  is  mostly  contained  in  the  red  corpuscles — is 
filtered  through  the  walls  of  the  blood  vessels  in  large 
quantities,  thus  showing  that  there  is  a  disintegration 
or  breaking  up  of  the  formed  elements  of  the  blood  itself. 
We  may  therefore  consider  it  purely  as  a  blood  disease. 

Causes. —  It  usually,  though  not  always,  follows  some 
debilitating  disease,  as  distemper  and  pneumonia.  Bad 
ventilation  is  often  an  auxiliary  cause,  as  are  also  errors 
in  feeding,  and  very  hard  work,  especially  if  long  con- 
tinued, where  the  vital  energies  are  very  much  weak- 
ened. 

Symptoms. — Sudden  appearance  of  swellings  on  va- 
rious parts  of  the  body  ;  the  head  and  limbs  rarely 
escape.  There  is  always  some  rise  of  temperature,  but 
usually  not  to  a  very  high  point  ;  the  breathing  and 
pulse  are  nearly  always  quickened  ;  the  animal  will 
show  stiffness  in  the  limbs,  depending  on  the  extent  of 
the  swellings  in  them.  The  appetite  is  sometimes  very 
bad,  at  other  times  fairly  good.  Bed  spots  the  size  of 
a  copper  cent  or  larger  are  frequently  seen  on  the  inside 
of  the  nostrils.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
same  kind  of  swellings  that  occur  on  the  surface  of  the 
body  may  occur  internally,  in  which  case  the  complica- 
tions may  be  of  a  very  serious  nature.  For  instance,  if 
the  lungs  are  invaded,  pneumonia  ensues  ;  if  the  intes- 
tines are  affected  over  any  large  surface,  we  may  have 
active  purgation.  The  development  of  internal  swel- 
lings is  where  the  great  danger  lies  in  this  disease. 

treatment. — First  of  all,  good  ventilation,  and  plenty 
of  clothing  on  the  surface  of  the  body.      For  the  first 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  133 

day  or  two  allow  no  food,  but  instead,  mix  a  pound  of 
oatmeal  in  a  pail  of  water;  after  soaking  2  hours,  rub 
the  meal  well  between  the  hands  to  impart  its  nutri- 
ment to  the  water.  If  the  breathing  is  easy  and  quiet, 
give  a  quarter  of  a  pint  of  whiskey,  mixed  with  an  equal 
amount  of  water,  3  times  a  day.  It  may  be  necessary 
to  drench  the  horse  with  this.  The  following  ball 
should  also  be  given  3  times  a  day:  Nitrate  of  potash,  6 
drams,  quinine,  2  drams;  to  be  continued  until  the  kid- 
neys are  acting  freely,  when  the  nitre  should  be  stopped. 
The  following  ball  should  be  given  once  a  day,  but  not 
with  the  nitre  ball  :  Sulphate  of  iron,  1  dram,  Gentian 
3  drams;  to  be  continued  daily  for  two  weeks.  After 
the  2nd  day  give  the  horse  4  quarts  of  milk  a  day, 
drenching  him  if  necessary;  this  to  be  continued  for  2 
weeks,  unless  purging  ensues,  when  it  may  be  necessary 
to  stop  for  a  day  or  two.  If  the  appetite  is  fair,  a  quart  of 
oats  with  a  half  a  pint  of  flaxseed  may  be  allowed  3 
times  a  day,  after  the  2nd  day;  a  little  flaxseed  tea,  2  or 
3  times  a  day,  is  a  good  material  for  building  up  the  de- 
pleted system,  and  is  easily  digested.  If  the  bowels  are 
constipated,  give  injections  of  warm  water  and  soap  3 
times  a  day. 

As  to  the  treatment  of  the  local  swellings,  there  is 
considerable  diversity  of  opinion  whether  they  should 
be  punctured  or  not.  If  the  breathing  is  obstructed  by 
the  swellings  around  the  nosrils,  they  should  be  punc- 
tured in  several  places,  either  with  a  lancet  or  a  common 
pocket  knife  to  the  depth  of  a  half  inch.  This  will  al- 
low the  fluid  to  escape  and  relieve  the  breathing.  Punc- 
turing may  also  be  recommended  for  the  swellings  on 
the  limbs  and  under  the  chest.  It  may  be  repeated 
every  day,  for  several  days  in   stubborn  cases.      Hot 


134 


DISEASES    OF 


fomentations  are  sometimes  of  very  great  benefit,  fol- 
lowed by  the  application  of  Dr.  Heard's  Dermal  Lini- 
ment, diluted  with  8  parts  of  water  to  one  part  of  Lini- 
ment. This  will  prevent  a  chill  to  the  skin,  especially  if 
followed  by  rubbing  with  a  dry  cloth.  In  many  cases 
the  skin  will  die  and  slough  off  in  large  patches,  leaving- 
large  raw  sores.  These  should  be  dressed  daily  with 
Heard's  Healing  Lotion.  When  the  appetite  returns, 
Heard's  Condition  Powders  will  be  found  an  excellent 
tonic  for  the  bloodvessels.  Although  the  successful 
treatment  of  this  disease  often  requires  great  patience, 
if  steadily  persevered  in,  many  apparently  hopeless  cases 
will  be  perfectly  cured. 

DISEASES   OF  THE  NERVOUS   SYSTEM. 
STAGGERS— FITS. 

There  are  several  disorders  of  the  nervous  system 
that  give  rise  to  the  condition  known  as  staggers. 
True  epilepsy  may  cause  a  horse  to  stagger  for  several 
paces,  when  it  may  suddenly  fall  and  have  convulsions 
for  a  longer  or  shorter  space  of  time.  We  may  also 
have  attacks  of  vertigo  or  fainting,  when  the  horse  will 
stagger  for  a  few  steps,  then  fall,  rising  again  in  a  min- 
ute or  two.  This  may  be  due  to  a  variety  of  causes,  as 
indigestion  ;  absorption  of  poisonous  substances  that  are 
generated  in  the  digestive  canal,  weakness  of  the  heart, 
or  structural  changes  in  the  brain  itself.  That  the 
most  prominent  symptoms  of  this  disease,  namely, 
staggering  and  sometimes  falling,  with  frequently 
a  loss  of  consciousness,  is  due  to  a  large  number  of 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  135 

different  disorders,  accounts  for  the  variety  of  symp- 
toms that  are  seen  in  different  cases  of  it. 

As  an  illustration  of  what  may  happen  in  this  line 
from  certain  diseases  of  the  heart,  I  will  give  a  case 
that  occurred  in  my  own  practice.  A  horse  had  suffered 
from  several  attacks  of  staggers  for  about  six  months, 
and  the  night  before  I  was  sent  for  it  had  staggered 
and  fell  while  being  driven  to  the  carriage,  smashing 
the  vehicle  besides  damaging  another  with  which  it 
had  collided.  I  began  an  examination  by  counting  the 
pulsations  at  the  submaxillary  artery  in  the  usual  way. 
Waiting  3  or  4  seconds  without  getting  a  pulsation,  1 
was  almost  afraid  the  animal  was  about  to  have  an- 
other attack  ;  but  still  keeping  my  finger  on  the  artery, 
and  noticing  the  unusual  slowness  of  the  pulse,  I 
took  the  count  for  several  minutes.  I  found  that  the 
number  scarcely  varied  at  all  from  13  beats  to  the  min- 
ute— scarcely  J  the  usual  number.  I  suspected  heart 
trouble  and  advised  that  the  horse  be  kept  in  the  stable 
for  a  few  days,  saying  that  I  thought  it  exceedingly 
dangerous  to  drive  it  in  such  a  condition.  I  also  said 
that  it  will  be  likely  to  drop  dead  if  worked  to  any  ex- 
tent. At  the  end  of  a  week  I  made  another  examina- 
tion. I  advised  no  treatment.  At  the  end  of  six  days 
I  made  still  another  examination.  I  found  no  noticeable 
change  in  the  pulse  or  condition  of  the  horse,  which  to 
all  outward  appearance  was  healthy,  and  the  appetite 
was  good.  I  again  said  that  it  would  be  dangerous  to 
work  the  animal  and  gave  no  hope  of  improvement. 
But  much  sooner  than  was  expected  was  my  early  prog- 
nosis fulfilled,  for  the  very  next  morning,  about  half 
past  seven,  the  coachman  came  running  around  to  my 
house  for  me,  and  when  we  got  to  the  stable  the  horse 


136 


DISEASES   OF 


was  dead,  notwithstanding  lie  had  eaten  his  breakfast 
as  usual  that  morning.  I  have  never  seen  a  case  re- 
ported in  which  there  was  such  a  slow  pulse,  and  pre- 
vious to  it  I  had  never  taken  a  horse's  pulse  where  the 
count  was  below  28  beats  in  the  minute. 

Symptoms. — When  an  attack  begins,  the  first  thing 
usually  noticed  is  that  the  animal  lags,  and  in  a  few 
seconds  begins  to  shake  its  head.  This  is  soon  followed 
by  an  unsteady  gait.  If  continued,  the  animal  will  fall ; 
sometimes  it  plunges  violently,  and  cannot  be  controlled. 
It  may  lie  on  the  ground  in  convulsions  for  several  min- 
utes, and  then  get  up  looking  very  stupid  and  full  of 
fear. 

Treatment. — When  an  animal  that  is  being  driven  rap- 
idly shakes  its  head  in  an  unusual  manner,  it  should  be 
allowed  to  come  to  a  walk.  In  this  way  it  will  frequent- 
ly recover  itself  and  after  that  may  be  driven  for  several 
miles  without  showing  any  excitable  symptoms.  A  cath- 
artic ball  containing  six  drams  of  Barbadoes  aloes  and 
one  dram  of  ginger  should  be  given  about  every  six 
weeks  to  horses  subject  to  this  disease.  The  diet  should 
be  kept  low,  with  a  quantity  of  grass  when  it  can  be  ob- 
tained. A  teaspoonful  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  should  be 
given  in  the  food  once  a  day,  and  to  strengthen  the  di- 
gestive system  Dr.  Heard's  Condition  Powders  are  the  best 
possible  remedy.  A  horse  subject  to  this  disease  is  a 
dangerous  animal  to  drive,  as  he  is  apt  to  be  suddenly 
attacked  in  the  most  inconvenient  places. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  EYE. 

There  are  several  diseases  of  the  eyes  found  in  our 
domestic  animals,  some  of  which  are  very  rare  and  will 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  137 

not  need  to  be  considered  in  this  little  book.  There  is 
one  disease,  however,  which  is  very  frequent  in  horses 
in  this  country  and  will  therefore  require  consideration. 
I  refer  to 

CONSTITUTIONAL  OPHTHALMIA— MOON 
BLINDNESS— MOON  EYE. 

Causes. — This  disease  is  very  strongly  inherited.  It 
may  appear  in  the  offspring  at  about  the  same  age  that 
it  appeared  in  the  parent,  or  perhaps  earlier.  The  ten- 
dency of  this  desease  to  transmission  is  so  well  under- 
stood in  France  that  the  French  government  studs  will 
not  allow  one  of  their  stallions  to  serve  a  mare  that  has 
suffered  from  it.  Bad  ventilation  in  close  stables  is  an 
active  cause.  If  the  drainage  is  bad  the  ammonia  em- 
anation from  the  urine  will  act  as  a  strong  irritant  to 
the  eyelids.  Exposure  in  stormy  weather  is  also  a  cause ; 
also  pasturing  colts  on  a  d^imp,  marshy  soil.  It  is  very 
apt  to  appear  during  the  teething  period.  Over-work- 
ing young  animals  is  a  frequent  cause. 

Symptoms. — The  eyelids  are  usually  considerably  in- 
flamed, swollen  and  tender;  in  a  day  or  two  there  will  be 
a  white  material  deposited  over  the  front  of  the  eyeball, 
sometimes  slight  fever  and  loss  of  appetite;  great  desire 
to  rub  the  eyelids  on  the  side  of  the  stall,  and  usually  a 
flow  of  tears  over  the  face. 

Treatment.— If  the  patient  is  run  down  from  over- 
work, it  should  have  rest  and  be  liberally  fed  with  good, 
nutritious  food.  Give  internally  the  following  ball: 
Barbadoes  aloes,  five  drams,  ginger,  one  dram,  and  re- 
move any  irritating  cause  that  may  be  present.     A  most 


138  DISEASES    OP 

important  part  of  the  management  will  be  to  prevent 
the  animal  from  rubbing  the  eyelids  against  the  front 
or  side  of  the  stall.  This  can  be  done  by  turning  it 
around  in  the  stall  and  hitching  a  rope  to  the  stall  posts 
on  each  side,  only  allowing  the  horse  to  stand  proper- 
ly in  the  stall  while  feeding.  Inject  under  the  eyelids, 
twice  a  day — with  the  syringe  that  is  inclosed  with  the 
Lotion — a  few  drops  of  Dr.  Heard's  Eye  Lotion  for 
moonblindness,  and  continue  as  long  as  there  is  any 
whiteness  remaining  on  the  front  of  the  eye.  A  horse 
with  this  disease  should  not  be  worked  in  the  sun  or 
snow,  as  they  are  both  eye  irritants.  No  time  should  be 
lost  in  beginning  the  treatment  and  in  nearly  all  cases 
the  sight  will  remain  good  for  years,  though  the  animal 
may  be  the  subject  of  frequent  attacks.  To  prevent  its 
recurrence,  the  animal  should  be  kept  in  the  best  pos- 
sible condition,.and  nothing  conduces  more  to  this  end 
than  Dr.  Heard's  Condition  Powders,  given  as  directed. 

LAMINITIS— FOUNDER—  FEVER   IN  THE   FEET. 

A  picture  of  a  horse  suffering  from  an  acute  attack  of 
this  disease  is  seen  in  (Fig.  40.)  In  this  disease  the 
sensitive  parts  of  the  foot,  which  are  in  close  connec- 
tion with  the  folds  seen  in  (Fig.  41)  inside  the  hoof, — 
are  in  an  inflamed  condition.  The  sensitive  parts  of  the 
sole  or  bottom  of  the  foot  are  also  sometimes  the  seat  of 
inflammation. 

Causes. — Over  feeding  is  a  frequent  cause,  many 
cases  occurring  a  day  or  two  after  a  greedy  horse  has 
got  loose  at  night  and  going  to  the  feed  box,  has  over- 
eaten itself.     A  frequent  cause  is  standing  in  a  draft 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


139 


after  driving.  This  is  a  common  occurrence  in  summer. 
It  may  follow  a  chill,  which  is  common  enough  after  a 
hard  day's  work  in  the  late  summer,  when  the  coat  is 
getting  long.  Evaporation  does  not  take  place  readily, 
and  some  horses  will  stand  in  the  stall  for  hours  with- 
out the  coat  drying,  even  in  very  warm  weather,  and 
especially  is  this  likely  to  be  the  case  if  there  is  much 
humidity  in  the  atmosphere.  Standing  long  in  the 
stable  without  excercise  is  often  a  cause,  especially  of 
the  chronic  variety,  as  it  weakens  the  circulation  of  the 
foot  to  stand  still  for  many  days  at  a  time.  Indigestion 
is  a  frequent  cause  ;  also  exposure  to  very  rough 
weather. 


Fig.  40.    Horse  suffering  from  Laminitis. 


Fig.  41.  Folds  of  Laminae. 


Symptoms. — The  common  mode  of  discovery  is  to  go 
into  the  stable  in  the  morning  and  upon  trying  to  back 
the  horse  out  of  the  stall  it  is  found  to  be  very  stiff,  and 
is  made  to  move  with  great  difficulty.  If  all  four  feet 
are  affected,  the  animal  will  be  found  in  the  position 


140  DISEASES    OF 

seen  in  (Fig.  40.)  If  only  the  fore  feet  are  affected,  they 
will  be  put  well  out  to  the  front,  and  an  attempt  made 
to  stand  on  the  heels.  If  the  hind  feet  only  are  affected 
they  will  be  carried  forward  under  the  abdomen,  as  seen 
in  the  figure.  The  breathing  will  be  quickened,  the 
frequency  of  the  pulse  increased,  pain  in  the  feet  is 
often  shown  by  frequently  lifting  first  one  foot  and  then 
the  other  ;  especially  is  this  true  of  the  hind  feet.  The 
bowels  are  usually  constipated. 

Treatment. — Give  the  following  cathartic  ball  imme- 
diately :  barbadoes  aloes,  6  drams,  ginger,  2  drams,  fol- 
lowed by  an  ounce  of  nitrate  of  potash  once  a  day, 
either  in  a  ball  or  dissolved  in  the  drinking  water, 
which  should  be  allowed  in  liberal  quantity.  Give  in- 
jections of  warm  water  and  soap  3  times  a  day  until 
purging  ensues,  allow  no  food  for  36  hours,  keep  the 
surface  of  the  body  warm  with  extra  clothing. 

The  local  treatment  should  be  as  follows  :  Kemove 
the  shoes  from  the  affected  feet,  place  the  fore  feet  in  a 
soaking  tub  filled  with  warm  water  and  allow  them  to 
remain  four  or  five  hours,  occasionally  removing  a  pail 
of  the  cooling  water  and  adding  hot  water,  to  keejD  up 
a  steady  heat.  Apply  poultices  of  linseed  meal,  to 
which  has  been  added  a  tablespoonful  of  Heard's  Ameri- 
can Embrocation.  This  treatment  must  be  kept  up  until 
improvement  follows,  and  the  hot  water  baths  should 
be  continued  till  complete  recovery.  Keep  the  patient 
out  of  the  drafts.  After  about  two  days  give  three 
quarts  of  oats  a  day  for  a  week,  with  two  or  three 
pounds  of  hay,  and  a  few  carrots  or  a  small  quantity  of 
grass  if  in  season.  Half  of  an  ordinary  kerosene  barrel 
makes  a  very  cheap  and  convenient  soaking  tub.  When 
the   acute   disease   has  passed  away,  a  course   of  Dr. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


141 


Heard's  Condition  Powders  will  improve  the  general 
condition  of  the  patient  very  materially.  If  properly 
treated,  the  average  case  of  laminitis  will  recover  in 
about  a  week  or  ten  days.  If  the  disease  is  extremely 
acute  and  hard  to  get  rid  of,  it  sometimes  results  in  a 
change  of  structure  taking  place  in  the  inside  of  the 
hoof,  whereby  the  coffin  bone  is  dislocated  by  being 
pushed  down  at  the  toe,  and  the  sole  will  be  seen  bulging 
downward  in  a  convex  position,  as  seen  in  Figs.  42  &  43. 


Fig.  42.    Side  view  of  foot 
with  convex  sole. 


Fig.  43.    Bottom  view  of  foot 
with  convex  sole. 


If  this  occurs,  complete  Recovery  is  impossible.  After 
an  attack  of  laminitis  apply  a  bar  shoe  seen  in  Fig.  44 
allowing  it  to  set  close  to  the  hoof.  If  the  sole  has  be- 
come convex  or  bulging — sometimes  called  drop-sole — 
the   shoe  seen   in  Fig.  45  will   be   the   best  to   prevent 


Fig.  44.    Bar  shoe. 


Fig.  45.    Shoo  for  convex  sole. 


142  DISEASES   OF 

bruising  of  the  diseased  sole.  There  will  always  be 
tenderness  that  will  be  noticed  whenever  the  horse  is 
trotted  out. 

INJURIES. 

WOUNDS. 

HEMORRHAGE. — In  attempting  to  stop  bleeding 
from  a  wound,  don't  use  the  means  ordinarily  employed, 
viz:  swabbing  with  a  sponge,  as  that  will  only  prevent 
the  stopping  of  the  now.  Act  as  follows  :  If  from  a  large 
surface,  pack  a  sponge,  or  cloths  into  the  wound  and 
retain  them  there  either  by  hand  pressure  or  by  band- 
age ;  and  the  stronger  the  pressure  the  quicker  will 
the  bleeding  stop.  If  on  slacking  the  pressure  slightly, 
it  is  found  that  the  bleeding  still  continues,  apply 
pressure  again,  without  removing  the  compress  of 
sponge  or  rags.  In  a  little  while  this  will  stay  in  place, 
as  it  is  held  by  the  blood  clot.  It  should  not  be  re- 
moved for  a  little  while,  so  as  to  give  time  for  clots  to 
be  formed  in  the  bloodvessels. 

Treatment. — In  all  clean  cut  wounds  where  it  is  pos- 
sible to  bring  the  edges  together,  they  should  be 
stitched.  Various  kinds  of  stitches  —  sutures — are 
used  by  surgeons,  depending  on  the  kind  of  wound 
they  are  called  on  to  treat.  It  will  not  be  necessary 
for  me  to  go  into  detail,  but  to  give  some  plain 
advice  as  to  sewing  up  the  wounds.  It  will  be  nec- 
essary first  to  get  the  animal  under  control,  and  for 
ordinary  wounds  the  apparatus  seen  in  Figs.  17  and  18  will 
usually  answer  the  purpose.  In  fact  I  sew  up  many 
wounds  by  applying  a  twitch  on  the  horse's  nose  only, 
with  one  fore  foot  tied  up.  I  use  heavy  silk,  made 
specially  for  sewing  wounds  ;  but  when  this  cannot  be 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


143 


conveniently  obtained  use  common  strong  twine  with  a 
small  bag  needle.  The  first  stitch  should  be  placed  so 
as  to  bring  the  edges  of  the  wound  together  in  the 
middle,  going  as  deep  as  practical,  so  that  it  will  not 
tear  out.  Now  place  the  second  stitch  midway  be- 
tween the  first  and  the  end  of  the  wound,  and  so  on, 
always  putting  the  stitch  in  the  middle  of  the  space  to 
be  sewn.  Bring  the  edges  of  the  wound  close  together 
and  tie  tightly.  It  is  advisable  to  leave  a  small  space 
at  the  deepest  part  of  the  wound  for  drainage.     The 


Fig.  46.    Sutures  for  ordinary  wounds. 

common  suture  seen  in  Fig.  46  is  the  simplest  and 
easiest  applied.  If  there  is  any  dirt  in  the  wound,  it 
must  be  washed  out  before  being  sewn,  otherwise  no 
water  or  dressing  should  be  applied.  As  soon  as  the 
wound  is  sewn  apply  on  the  outside  and  over  the 
stitches  some  of  Dr.  Heard's  Healing  Lotion,  as  directed 
on  the  label.  This  agent  being  a  thorough  antiseptic, 
will  kill  all  germs  that  would  be  likely  to  cause  sup- 
puration in  the  wound.  If  the  wound  is  not  favorably 
located  for  bandaging,  the  lotion  should  be  applied 
twice  or  three  times  a  day  and  to  the  parts  near  it.   If  it 


144  DISEASES    OF 

is  situated  on  a  limb,  where  it  is  feasible  to  apply  a  band- 
age, the  treatment  may  be  varied  as  follows  :  after 
carefully  sewing  up  the  wound  and  applying  the  heal- 
ing lotion  as  above  to  the  surrounding  hair,  take  a  wad 
of  cotton  Or  oakum  and,  after  saturating  it  thoroughly 
with  the  lotion,  lay  it  over  the  wound ;  then  wind  a 
bandage  over  this  so  that  it  will  cover  the  wounded 
space  and  retain  the  cotton  pad  in  position.  If  the 
edges  of  the  wound  have  been  brought  together  at  all 
points,  except  the  bottom  part  of  it  and  the  dressing 
applied  as  above  directed  it  should  not  be  disturbed 
for  3  days  ;  neither  should  the  animal  be  allowed  to  lie 
down,  nor  allowed  to  move  more  than  is  absolutely 
necessary,  as  absolute  quiet  is  needed  to  allow  of  heal- 
ing by  what  is  known  as  "  direct  union."  Until  the  dis- 
covery of  Dr.  Heard's  Healing  Lotion,  it  was  taught  by 
all  authorities  that  common  wounds  in  the  horse  ex- 
cept those  en  the  eyelids  and  nose,  never  healed  by 
"direct  union,"  or  without  suppuration  or  the  forma- 
tion of  Lpus.  By  the  above  treatment  more  than  half 
the  cases  will  heal  without  suppuration,  and  conse- 
quent discharge  of  pus.  On  the  third  day  the  bandage 
should  be  removed  and  the  lotion  applied  all  around 
the  wound  ;  also  apply  the  cotton  and  bandage  as  be- 
fore, after  being  well  soaked  with  the  lotion.  This 
dressing  may  be  changed  every  day  until  the  wound 
has  thoroughly  healed.  The  union  must  become  solid 
before  any  considerable  motion  is  allowed,  as  the  young 
tissues  by  which  it  is  brought  about  will  be  very  tender 
and  easily  torn  if  stretched.  There  is  great  danger  of 
the  wound  opening  up  again  if  motion  is  allowed  too 
soon.  If  there  is  much  pain  in  the  part  or  great 
swelling,  with  some  discharge  of  pus,  the  bottom  stitch 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  145 

should  be  opened  and  the  pus  squeezed  toward  that 
part.  Apply  the  healing  lotion  liberally.  Dress  twice 
a  day  now.  In  most  cases  where  the  wounds  are  of 
any  considerable  size,  it  will  be  best  to  keep  the  horse 
tied  to  a  high  ring  in  front  of  the  stall,  to  prevent  mo- 
tion by  lying  down  or  getting  up.  Most  wounds 
when  treated  in  the  way  above  described,  will  heal  kind- 
ly, but  when  allowed  to  run  along  without  treatment, 
Ave  frequently  have  complications  which  are  difficult  to 
cure,  and  which  in  many  cases  will  retard  the  healing 
for  some  time. 

PROUD   FLESH     (EXCESS  OF  GRANULATIONS.) 

Whenever  the  raw  surface  of  the  wound  projects  be- 
yond the  level  of  the  skin  at  the  edges,  we  have  an 
excess  of  new  material,  which  will  have  to  be  removed 
before  the  wound  will  properly  heal.  The  healing  of 
such  a  raw  surface  will  have  to  take  place  by  new 
growths  (additions  of  new  skin  around  the  edges  of  old 
skin)  until  the  new  skin  finally  covers  the  entire  raw 
surface.  A  common  cause  of  proud  flesh  in  a  wound  is 
rubbing  or  biting  it.  When  such  a  wound  is  situated 
on  the  inside  of  the  limb,  the  animal  will  frequently 
rub  it  with  the  opposite  limb,  causing  it  to  look  un- 
usually angry,  sore,  and  swollen,  with  a  reddish  dis- 
charge from  it.  In  such  cases,  to  cause  healing,  it  is 
necessary  to  prevent  mechanical  irritation.  Irritations 
which  delay  the  healing  of  wounds  are  very  common  in 
summer,  flies  causing  the  animal  to  rub  the  part  to  re- 
lieve the  itching.  To  destroy  the  excessive  growth  of 
repair  material,  the  application  of  powdered  sulphate 
10 


146  DISEASES   OF 

of  zinc  is  usually  sufficiently  strong.  This  can  be  re- 
peated every  two  days  or  so  until  the  sore  is  level  with 
the  surrounding  skin.  In  some  cases  where  the  growth 
has  been  going  on  for  some  time  and  is  of  considerable 
size,  the  most  convenient  method  of  destroying  it  is  to 
burn  it  with  a  red  hot  iron.  There  need  be  no  fear  of 
damage,  provided  there  is  nothing  more  than  the  proud 
flesh  that  is  destroyed.  It  is  in  all  cases  necessary  to 
discover  and  prevent  the  irritation  that  is  the  cause  of 
the  exuberant  growths.  Ordinary  wounds  that  cannot 
be  sewn  up,  are  best  treated  by  the  application  of  Dr. 
Heard's  Healing  Lotion  twice  a  day  ;  and  even  in  these 
cases  there  is  rarely  any  considerable  amount  of  pus  or 
swelling  in  the  vicinity  of  the  wound  when  the  lotion  is 
used. 

WOUNDS   OF  THE   FEET. 

These  are  often  of  the  punctured  variety  and  are  usual- 
ly caused  by  nails. 

Treatment. — As  soon  as  discovered  the  nail  or  other 
sharp  implement  should  be  extracted.  In  some  cases 
considerable  force  will  be  required.  Having  palled  out 
the  nail,  if  there  is  no  lameness,  nothing  more  is  neces- 
sary than  the  introduction  of  a  few  drops  of  Dr.  Heard's 
Healing  Lotion,  into  the  orifice  of  the  wound  ;  but  if 
there  is  much  lameness,  the  horn  around  the  place  of 
puncture  must  be  pared  away  by  a  smith  until  the  bot- 
tom is  reached  by  a  funnel  shaped  opening.  This 
operation  is  very  important  for  reasons  which  will  be 
easily  understood  by  referring  to  the  article  on  Teta- 
nus or  Lockjaw,  (page  97.)  Having  made  a  good  large 
opening  in  the  horn,  drop  in  plenty  of  the  healing  lo- 
tion, after  which  apply  a  poultice  of  linseed  meal  or 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  147 

some  pulpy  agent.  This  should  be  changed  twice  a  day, 
and  the  healing  lotion  applied  liberally  before  the  ap- 
plication of  each  poultice.  Give  very  little  food  for  a 
day  or  two,  and  if  there  is  any  fever,  administer  a  ball 
as  follows  ;  Barbadoes  Aloes,  6  drams,  ginger,  1  dram. 
The  poulticing  should  not  be  continued  for  more  than 
4  days,  as  it  is  apt  to  produce  proud  flesh  in  the  wound. 

SCRATCHES— CRACKED  HEELS. 

Causes. — These  are  constitutional  and  local.  What 
pecular  condition  of  the  skin  most  predisposes  an  ani- 
mal to  this  disease  is  unknown,  when,  from  any  cause, 
except  that  the  circulation  of  the  blood  in  the  skin  on 
the  heel  is  weakened,  it  will  be  much  more  susceptible 
to  scratches.  The  most  frequent  local  cause  is  long  con- 
tinued exposure  to  very  low  temperature,  as  when  the 
animal  has  to  work  in  ice  water  during  thawing  periods, 
especially  after  snow  storms.  This  is  greatly  aggra- 
vated by  street  railroad  companies  salting  the  tracks. 
This  not  only  increases  the  irritating  effect  of  the  street 
filth,  but  it  lowers  its  temperature  many  degrees.  The 
effect  of  such  a  material  on  any  part  of  the  body  is  to 
lessen  the  force  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  If  ex- 
posed to  it  for  many  hours,  complete  stagnation  of  blood 
is  apt  to  occur,  and  if  long  continued  will  cause  death 
of  the  part.  On  account  of  the  low  vascularity  of  the 
connective  tissue  and  structures  under  the  skin  of  the 
limbs  of  horses,  this  local  death  from  long  exposure  to 
low  temperature  often  occurs.  The  first  symptom  is  swel- 
ling near  the  fetlock,  with  great  lameness,  usually  fol- 
lowed in  a  few  days  by  a  bursting  of  the  skin  and  the 
escape  of  a  foul  smelling,  pasty  material,  which  is  the 
debris  of  the  dead  structures.     In  other  cases  a  portion 


148  DISEASES    OF 

of  the  skin  itself  is  killed  by  a  suspension  of  the  blood 
circulation,  caused  by  the  low  temperature.  The  skin 
will  crack  open  and  the  surrounding  dead  parts  ulcer- 
ate and  fall  off  as  foul  smelling  debris,  leaving  an  ulcer 
or  ulcers  of  varying  sizes.  The  destruction  is  some- 
times so  great  that  th9  tendons  and  their  sheaths  be- 
come involved,  and  the  results  are  of  a  very  serious 
nature. 

Treatment : — Whenever  an  animal  is  found  lame  and 
an  inflamed  swelling  appears  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  heels,  a  poultice  of  linseed  meal,  made  very  soft, 
should  be  immediately  applied,  and  changed  twice  a 
day.  This  will  have  a  beneficial  effect  in  various  ways  ; 
first,  by  assisting  in  restoring  the  weakened  circulation 
in  tissues  that  are  not  already  dead  ;  second  in  causing 
a  softening  of  tissues  that  are  already  dead,  and  pre- 
paring them  for  removal.  In  a  few  days  after  the  at- 
tack begins  the  dead  parts  of  skin  will  crack  and  slough 
off.  leaving  an  open  sore.  Such  wounds  often  heal  very 
slowly.  In  order  to  hasten  the  reparative  process,  the 
poultice,  preceded  by  the  application  of  Heard's  Healing 
Lotion  should  be  continued  until  the  new  flesh  has  grown 
out  even  with  the  edges  of  the  skin,  when  its  use  should 
cease.  Now,  after  applying  the  lotion  every  day,  a  little 
alum  should  be  sprinkled  over  the  wound.  A  scab  will 
^oon  be  formed,  which  should  not  be  disturbed,  but  a 
fresh  dressing  of  lotion  and  alum  added  every  day.  A 
ball  of  aloes,  6  drams,  ginger,  1  dram  should  be  given  as 
soon  as  the  disease  is  discovered. 

FISTUL/E. 

This  species  of  wound  occurs  in  various  parts  of  the 
body.     In  most  cases  on  account  of  the  complicated  re- 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  149 

quirements  to  successfully  treat  them,  I  would  advise 
that  none  but  experts  should  do  so. 

ABSCESS— BOILS. 

Any  local  collection  of  pus  in  a  closed  cavity  is  called 
an  abscess.  Abscesses  may  occur  in  any  part  of  the 
body,  as  a  result  of  local  inflammations  from  blows  or 
other  injuries. 

Symptoms : — A  rise  of  temperature  frequently  accom- 
panies the  formation  of  abscesses.  The  enlargements 
when  pressed  on,  will  usually  have  an  elastic  feel,  and 
as  the  pus  gets  nearer  the  surface,  the  swelling  will  be 
much  softer. 

Treatment: — When  the  presence  of  an  abscess  is  dis- 
covered, the  sooner  the  pus  is  evacuated  the  better,  but 
be  careful  that  you  do  not  puncture  a  joint  or  a  tendon. 
Make  a  large  opening,  and  as  low  down  as  practicable, 
to  get  free  drainage.  This  done,  the  wound  should  be 
dressed  twice  a  day  by  injecting,  with  a  small  syringe, 
Heard's  Healing  Lotion.  The  wound  must  not  be  al- 
lowed to  heal  outside  until  the  bottom  parts  heal,  so  it 
will  be  necessary  in  many  cases  to  insert  the  finger 
every  day  to  keep  the  wound  pervious.  To  assist  in 
bringing  an  abscess  to  a  head  or  getting  it  soft  and  ripe, 
a  poultice  of  linseed  meal,  to  which  has  been  added  a 
tablespoonful  of  Dr.  Hearl's  American  Embrocation, 
should  be  continuously  applied. 

WARTS— SKIN  TUMORS. 

Warts  are  extra  growths  of  the  skin,  the  causes  of 
which  are  partly  constitutional  and  partly  local.      They 


150  DISEASES    OF 

are  of  various  shapes,  some  having  very  broad  bases, 
others  having  a  very  narrow  base  and  a  full  round  top, 
something  in  the  shape  of  a  growing  pear.  They  some- 
times grow  very  fast,  especially  when  the  animal  rubs 
them  against  a  hard  substance;  the  outside  may  even 
be  raw  and  sore  from  this  cause;  in  other  cases  the 
growth  is  exceedingly  slow. 

Treatment. — Warts  may  be  removed  by  the  knife  or 
by  medicines.  Kemoval  by  medicines  is  usually  very 
unsatisfactory,  and  my  advice  is  not  to  attempt  it. 
They  may  also  be  removed  by  cutting  through  the  base 
with  scissors,  or  a  red  hot  iron  may  be  used  to  sever  the 
base.  This  will  have  the  advantage  of  stopping  the 
hemorrhage;  in  fact,  of  preventing  it.  After  removal, 
treat  the  sore  in  the  manner  described  for  the  treatment 
of  wounds. 

ECZEMA. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  skin,  with  swellings 
that  arise  quite  suddenly,  and  usually  of  small  size.  The 
inflammation  of  the  skin  produced  by  a  blister  is  a  typ- 
ical eczema.  Slight  attacks  are  sometimes  caused  by 
the  irritation  produced  by  the  products  of  perspiration, 
especially  in  the  summer  months.  This  will  cause  the 
animal  to  rub  against  anything  that  may  be  convenient 
for  the  purpose  to  relieve  the  itching.  There  is  also  a 
constitutional  tendency  to  eczema  in  some  horses. 

Treatment. — Dr.  Heard's  Condition  Powders  are  of 
great  benefit;  also  Heard's  Dermal  Liniment,  diluting  a 
tablespoonful  of  Liniment  with  2  quarts  of  water;  rub 
on  immediately  after  coming  from  work,  after  which  rub 
dry  with  a  cloth. 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  1£>1 

CAPPED  ELBOWS— SHOE  BOIL  AND 
CAPPED  HOCK 

Shoe  boil  is  an  enlargement  on  the  elbow,  caused  by 
the  horse  lying  with  the  elbow  resting  on  the  heels  of 
the  shoe.  Capped  hock  is  usually  caused  by  the  horse 
kicking  against  the  side  of  the  stall,  or  by  blows  admin- 
istered in  various  ways. 

Treatment. — Apply  a  small  quantity  of  Dr.  Heard's 
American  Embrocation  twice  a  day.  Some  means  must  be 
devised  to  prevent  the  borse  from  again  injuring  itself. 
For  shoe  boil  it  may  be  necessary  to  keep  the  animal 
standing  by  tying  it  short  to  a  high  ring  in  front  of  the 
stall.  As  a  preventive,  the  ordinary  shoe  boil  boot  is 
usually  successful,  if  worn  every  night.  If  the  boil  is  of 
long  standing  and  hard,  it  can  only  be  removed  by  an 
operation.  When  recent,  it  can  be  cured  as  above 
recommended,  if  the  treatment  is  persevered  in. 

SPRAINS— STRAINS. 

A  sprain  is  frequently  Sk  serious  injury.  The  muscles, 
tendons,  and  ligaments  of  any  part  of  the  body  are  the 
most  frequent  seats  of  sprains.  The  most  common  loca- 
tion in  the  horse  is  the  tendons  on  the  back  of  the  limbs. 

Symptoms. — Lameness  and  tenderness  on  pressure, 
followed  by  swelling  and  unusual  heat  in  the  part. 

Treatment — Absolute  rest  is  the  first  requisite  ;  fre- 
quent bathing  with  hot  water,  to  which  has  been  added 
a  tablespoonful  of  Dr.  Heard's  American  Embrocation  to 
each  half  gallon  of  water,  to  be  continued  for  several  days 
in  bad  cases.  Give  six  drams  of  aloes  in  the  form  of  a 
ball,  and  feed  in  limited  quantity.  If  there  is  still  con- 
siderable lameness  at  the  end  of  a  week,  rub  with  Heard's 
Embrocation  twice  a  day ;  saturate  a  rag  with  it  and 


152  DISEASES  Of 

cover  the  whole  with  a  flannel  bandage,  to  be  repeated 
until  the  skin  is  well  roughened.  If  the  back  sinews 
are  the  seat  of  the  sprain,  considerable  relief  will  be  af- 
forded by  the  application  of  a  shoe,  made  thin  at  the 
toe,  with  heel  calks  about  two  inches  long.  This  shoe 
may  be  worn  when  first  put  to  exercise  after  a  severe 
sprain,  and  as  the  calks  become  gradually  worn  down, 
the  fibres  of  the  tendon  will  become  slowly  stretched 
until  they  resume  their  usual  length.  Allow  perfect 
rest  for  several  days  after  the  animal  is  able  to  travel 
sound. 

SPEEDY-CUT— BRUISING 

When  the  soft  structures  under  the  knee  on  the  inside 
of  the  leg  are  struck  and  bruised  by  the  opposite  foot, 
the  injury  is  called  speedy-cut.  If  the  injury  be  severe, 
it  may  cause  the  formation  of  an  abscess,  the  pus  in 
which  will  have  to  be  evacuated  before  recovery  will 
occur.  More  frequently,  however,  an  inflammation  with 
swelling  ensues,  followed  in  a  day  or  two  by  the  thick- 
ening of  the  tissues  at  this  point.  If  treated  now,  the 
enlargement  will  be  removed  without  difficulty,  but  if 
neglected,  and,  as  often  happens,  the  animal  is  again 
ridden  or  driven,  the  tendency  to  bruise  by  striking  is 
much  increased.  A  new  inflammation  is  set  up,  and 
little  by  little  the  original  swelling  is  daily  added  to, 
until  it  comes  out  even  with  the  knee,  and  has  become 
hard  and  calloused.  This  condition  is  much  more  diffi- 
cult to  treat,  and  will  require  more  patience  on  the  part 
of  the  owner.  Apply  Dr.  Heard's  American  Embrocation 
twice  a  day  rubbing  well  with  the  hand  until  the  skin 
is  roughened ;  then  cease  for  a  day  or  two,  when 
the  treatment  should  be  renewed.      By   persevering 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  153 

in  this  treatment,  I  have  never  known  a  failure  to 
result.  Hard,  calloused  bunches  on  any  part  of  the 
body  should  be  treated  in  the  same  way. 

WINDGALLS  (WIND  PUFFS). 

Those  may  be  cured  by  applying  a  very  small  quan- 
tity of  the  Embrocation  and  keeping  a  linen  bandage 
constantly  applied  while  in  the  stable.  This  should  be 
continued  for  a  considerable  time  after  the  enlarge- 
ments have  disappeared. 

CURB. 

This  is  a  sprain  of  some  of  the  ligaments  situated  be- 
hind the  hock,  giving  rise  to  a  considerable  swelling 
and  in  some  cases  great  lameness.  Its  situation  is  seen 
at  page  56,  in  Fig.  21. 

Causes. — Hard  riding  or  driving  when  young,  espe- 
cially in  hilly  localities.  Inheritance  plays  a  consider- 
able part  in  the  causation  of  curb  in  many  horses. 

Treatment. — The  animal  must  be  placed  in  a  condition 
of  absolute  rest,  and  Dr.  Heard's  American  Embrocation, 
applied  three  times  a  day  until  the  skin  is  roughened  ; 
then  allow  an  intermission  for  a  few  days,  when  if  there 
is  still  lameness,  the  treatment  should  be  repeated.  This 
will  cure  the  very  worst  case  of  curb.  A  high  heeled 
shoe  as  recommended  for  sprain  of  the  back  sinews,  will 
materially  assist  in  curing  the  lameness. 

THE  FOOT. 

On  account  of  the  great  change  that  has  occurred  in 
the  foot  of  the  horse  during  its  evolution  from  a  five-toed 


154 


DISEASES   OF 


to  a  one-toed  animal,  there  is  constant  deviation  from 
any  one  absolute,  special,  and  exact  form  and  shape. 
The  foot  of  the  horse  is  in  a  condition  similar  to  any 
structure  that  has  been  developed  in  comparatively  re- 
cent times — where  change  readily  takes  place — and 
where  the  normal  balance  is  readily  upset.  A  glance 
at  the  following  diagram  will  show  the  changes  in  the 
foot  of  the  horse.   Fig.  47. 


Fig.  47.    Showing  feet  of  ancestors  of  Horse. 


Again,  the  uses  to  which  horses  have  been  put  by 
civilized  man  have  necessitated  changes  of  structure 
in  many  parts  of  the  body,  notably  in  that  of  the  foot. 
For  instance,  travel  on  macadamized  roads  requires 
a  foot  structurally  much  stronger  than  on  soft  ground. 
In  other  words,  the  foot  that  will  suffer  no  disorder 
when  used  for  travel  on  soft,  dirt  roads,  may  be  irrem- 
ediably damaged  by  travel  for  only  a  short  time  on  the 
macadamized  roads  of  to-day.  It  has  been  frequently 
argued  by  writers  on  the  foot  that  horses  in  a  state  of 
nature  rarely  have  foot  disorders,  and  that  therefore 
shoeing  is  the  cause  of  most  of  the  ills  that  affect  the 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  158 

foot.  But  we  should  remember  that  the  conditions  un- 
der which  the  horse  of  to-day  has  to  labor  are  totally  dif- 
ferent from  those  in  which  the  horse  is  found  in  a  state 
of  nature.  It  has  therefore  been  found  necessary  to 
use  various  artificial  means  to  preserve  portions  of  the 
animal  body  from  partial  or  total  destruction.  In  very 
early  times  it  was  found  necessary  to  protect  the  foot  of 
the  horse,  and  up  to  the  present  time  a  rim  of  iron  has 
been  deemed  the  most  serviceable  protection  for  the 
bottom  of  the  foot.  But  this  takes  no  account  of  the 
outside  of  the  hoof  which  is  also  subject  to  a  consider- 
able change  on  account  of  the  following  departure  from 
natural  conditions.  In  a  state  of  nature  the  horse  trav- 
eled on  pastures  continually.  These  pastures  were 
kept  moist  by  frequent  rain  and  dew,  thus  keeping  up 
a  water  or  moist  saturation  the  greater  part  of  the  time, 
thus  enabling  the  horn  to  grow  tough  and  strong  and 
preventing  any  undue  dryness,  except  in  unusually  dry 
seasons,  or  in  unusually  dry  and  arid  places.  Now  we 
have  the  horse  traveling  much  of  the  time  on  very  dry 
roads,  covered  with  dust  which  assists  in  absorbing 
the  little  moisture  that  may  be  near  the  outside  of  the 
hoof,  and  at  night  a  very  large  number  of  horses  are 
kept  in  stables  where  everything  is  dry  under  the  feet — 
just  the  opposite  of  natural  conditions.  Evaporation 
goes  on  continually  from  the  surface  of  the  wall  of  the 
foot.  The  horn  becoms  dry  and  brittle,  is  subject  to 
cracks  and  bruises,  in  fact,  almost  the  reverse  of  the 
tough,  moist  horn  found  in  the  hoof  of  the  horse  kept 
under  natural  conditions.  To  counteract  this  tendency 
to  dryness  of  the  horn,  various  applications  have  been 
tried,  and  all  with  varying  success,  until  by  experiment- 
ing with  various  agents  that  had  been  recommended  by 


1S6  DISEASES   01* 

previous  writers,  I  came  to  the  conclusion  that  a  mix- 
ture of  Nonane,  Hexadecane  and  certain  fixed  oils,  when 
applied  daily  to  the  horn,  made  a  perfect  protection 
from  evaporation  of  moisture  and  consequent  brittleness 
of  the  horn.  It  is  now  made  and  sold  in  large  quanti- 
ties as  Dr.  Heard's  Hoof  Liniment,  and  should  be  used 
by  everyone  who  has  a  horse  that  is  of  necessity  kept 
from  natural  pastures,  where  the  foot  would  be  kept 
moist  by  rain  and  dew.  The  advantage  of  using  this 
liniment  instead  of  the  ordinary  tar  compounds,  will 
be  readily  understood  when  it  is  considered  that  tar  is  an 
acid  substance,  which  absorbs  and  holds  sand  and  dirt 
in  large  quantities  when  brought  in  contact  with  it. 


CONTRACTED  HEELS. 

This  is  a  condition  in  which  the  hoof  is  smaller  than 
normal,  and  may  exist  with  or  without  lameness.  The 
effect,  however,  is  to  cause  a  pressure  on  the  bloodves- 
sels and  nerves  contained  in  the  sensitive  structures  in- 
side the  horn. 

Causes. — Inheritance  is  a  frequent  cause.  Huide- 
koper  says  that  a  horse  that  is  contracted,  though  not 
lame,  should  be  excluded  from  the  stud.  Hot  dry 
weather  tends  to  diminish  the  quantity  of  moisture  in 
the  horn  and  predisposes  to  a  shriveling  of  the  horny 
fibres.  We  have  already  referred  to  the  bad  effect  on 
horn  of  keeping  horses  in  the  stable.  This  is  aggravat- 
ed if  the  animal  is  kept  in  the  stable  without  exercise 
for  any  great  length  of  time.  The  circulation  of  blood 
through  the  foot  will  be  diminished,  as  will  also  the 
amount  of  horn  moisture.     The  practice  of  many  smiths 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  157 

in  filing  away  the  gelatine  coating  that  forms  on  the 
outside  of  a  healthy  hoof,  is  also  to  be  deprecated,  as 
it  removes  the  natural  protection  against  excessive  evap- 
oration. Opening  up  of  the  heels  is  also  a  great  cause 
of  curling  in  of  the  heels,  for  if  the  horn  was  not  re- 
moved, it  would  tend  to  act  as  a  wedge  to  prevent  the 
curling  inward. 

Symptoms. — A  pointing  of  the  contracted  foot  is  usu- 
ally an  early  symptom,  as  is  also  a  gradual  curling  in  of 
the  heels  of  the  hoof  toward  the  frog.  If  lame,  the 
lameness  is  usually  most  severe  when  first  coming  out 
of  the  stable. 

Treatment. — Should  be  both  preventive  and  curative. 
To  prevent  contraction,  colts  and  horses  should  not  be 
kept  in  stables  for  days  at  a  time  where  the  floors  are  of 
dry  boards.  The  hoof  requires  exercise  and  soft,  but 
clean  boards.  This  has  especial  reference  to  young 
farm  horses  that  do  not  wear  shoes.  The  application 
of  Dr.  Heard's  Hoof  Liniment  is  an  excellent  preventive 
of  the  dryness  and  brittleness  that  leads  to  contraction. 
Proper  shoeing  is  also  a  preventive.  The  kind  of  shoe 
which  most  frequently  causes  contraction  is  that  in  which 
the  outer  rim  of  the  heel  is  higher  than  the  inside.  The 
heels  in  this  case  will  be  pressed  inward  toward  the 
frog  at  each  step  the  horse  takes.  I  have  seen  many 
shoes  made  and  fitted  with  this  evident  defect.  The 
bearing  of  the  shoe  at  the  heel  should  be  perfectly  lev- 
el, if  it  is  meant  to  be  applied  to  a  healthy  foot. 

Curative  Measures. — Various  devices  have  been  in- 
vented to  spread  contracted  heels,  one  of  the  most  sim- 
ple being  an  instrument  which  works  on  the  principal 
of  the  jack  screw.  As  to  the  efficiency  of  this  instrument 
as  an  expander  there  is  no  doubt,  but  its  use  is  founded 


158  DISEASES     OF 

on  the  error  that  the  foot  of  the  horse  is  a  non  vital 
piece  of  machinery. 

Some  years  ago  one  of  my  employers  owned  a  horse 
that  was  the  subject  of  contraction,  and  having  heard 
high  recommendations  of  the  use  of  this  screw  by  a 
professional  operator,  he  asked  my  opinion  of  it.  I  was 
compelled  to  say  that  unless  such  force  was  used  as 
would  cause  a  temporary  lammitis,  it  would  take  longer 
to  expand  the  contracted  heels  in  this  manner  than  by 
other  and  less  vigorous  measures.  The  ease  with  which 
the  heels  could  be  forced  open  by  means  of  this  jack 
screw  appeared  so  plain  that  the  gentleman  concluded 
to  give  it  a  trial  ;  and  I  had  the  opportunity  of 
watching  the  results,  in  which  I  confess  I  had  some 
curiosity.  I  found  that  immediately  after  the  screw 
had  been  used,  the  horse  appeared  to  have  relief  for 
a  few  minutes,  but  that  it  was  soon  followed  by  in- 
creasing pain  to  such  an  extent  that  one  day  when  I 
happened  in  the  stable  ( about  an  hour  after  the-operator 
had  gone ),  I  exclaimed," "Why  your  horse  is  foundered!" 
The  attendant  informed  me  that  the  horse  always  stif- 
fened up  in  that  way  about  an  hour  after  being  oper- 
ated on.  I  was  not  surprised,  as  I  had  told  the  owner 
(when  my  opinion  was  asked)  that, "on  account  of  the 
clo&c  vascular  connection  between  the  heels  of  the  cof- 
fin bone,  which  could  not  be  made  to  expand,  and  the 
heels  of  the  hoof — which  would  be  pushed  apart  by  the 
use  of  the  screw — some  of  the  bloodvessels  would  nec- 
essarily be  ruptured,  and  the  remainder  would  be 
stretched  so  as  to  be  considerably  weakened,  and  thus  al- 
low blood  to  be  extravasated  and  an  inflammation  set 
up."  This  was  precisely  what  had  happened  in  the 
above  mentioned  case,  and  sure  enough  the  horse  was 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  159 

foundered,  but  a  part  of  the  treatment  being  the  immer- 
sion of  the  feet  in  a  tub  of  hot  water  for  4  hours  each 
day,  the  acute  symptoms  were  relieved  by  the  time  of 
the  next  operation — two  days  after.  I  mention  this 
case  because  at  first  sight,  and  without  a  knowledge  of 
the  minute  anatomy  of  the  foot,  it  would  appear  that 
the  use  of  the  jack  screw  would  accomplish  expansion 
of  the  heels  much  more  completely  and  easier  than  any 
other  means.  I  have  no  doubt  that  there  are  at  pres- 
ent men  traveling  through  this  and  other  countries 
making  money  by  the  use  of  such  injurious  devices,  for 
the  field  for  their  labors  is  unlimited. 


Fig.  48.    Dr.  Roberges'  Spring  inserted  in  Hoof. 

Another  ingenious  device  has  been  invented  by  Dr. 
Koberge,  Fig  48.     It  consists  of  a  steel  spring,  which, 


160 


DISEASES    OF 


when  inserted  inside  the  heels,  exerts  a  steady  pressure 
on  them  in  an  outward  direction.  As  this  pressure  is 
not  severe  and  is  continuous,  no  bad  effects  follow  the 
use  of  the  spring,  but  it  is  continuously  exerting  an 
expanding  pressure  on  the  parts  to  be  spread.  This  in- 
vention can  therefore  be  highly  recommended. 

After  all,  expansion  of  contracted  heels  can  be  accom- 
plished by  shoeing,  and  in  a  very  simple  manner.  The 
kinds  of  shoe  are  shown  in  Figs.  49  &  50.   It  will  be  seen 


Figs.  49  and  50.    Expanding  shoes  for  contracted  feet. 

that  they  are  plain  shoes,differing  from  the  ordinary  shoe 
by  having  a  slant  or  bevel  at  the  heels  in  an  outward 
direction,  instead  of  being  precisely  level.  The  extent 
of  this  slant  or  bevel  is  regulated  entirely  by  the  smith 
who  makes  the  shoe,  and  may  be  either  slight  or  of  con- 
siderable extent.  If  the  contraction  is  slight,  the  bevel 
may  be  shallow,  whereas  if  the  contraction  is  very  great, 
the  bevel  may  be  at  a  more  acute  angle.  The  care  nec- 
essary in  the  application  of  this  shoe  is  to  be  sure  that 
the  inside  edge  of  the  heel  of  the  shoe  shall  be  set  in- 
side the  contracted  heel,  so  that  every  time  the  horse 
steps  the  heel  will  be  pressed  outward  by  the  bevel  of 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


161 


the  shoe.  This  shoe  should  not  be  fitted  exactly  tight 
to  the  heels,  as  they  drop  slightly  each  time  the  ani- 
mal places  the  weight  of  the  body  on  the  foot.  It  is 
also  necessary  to  remove  the  shoe  about  every  two  weeks 
to  have  it  refitted,  as  the  heels  will  be  expanding  while 
the  quarters  of  the  foot  are  held  in  one  position  by  the 
nails. 

CORNS. 

Corns  in  horses  feet  are  of  an  entirely  different  na- 
ture from  those  of  the  human  feet.  In  horses  there  is 
an  escape  of  some  portions  of  the  blood  from  the  blood- 
vessels located  in  the  sensitive  sole  of  the  foot.  There 
is,  in  fact,  a  local  congestion  or  inflammation  of  the 
part  affected. 


Fig.  51.  Contracted      Fig.  52.    Flat  foot 
foot  showing  seat  showing  seat 

of  corn.  of  corn. 


Fig.  53.    Testing  foot 
for  tender  Bole. 


Causes. — Contracted  heels,  wearing  shoes  for  too  long 
a  time  without  removal  and  concussion  on  hard  roads 
are  all  prolific  causes  of  the  bruising  which  produces 
the  escape  of  blood  from  the  vessels.  To  test  for  ten- 
derness in  any  part  of  the  sensitive  sole  use  a  smith's 
11 


162  DISEASES   OF 

tongs  as  shown  in  Fig.  53.  A  deep-seated  and  fresh 
corn  will  often  be  discovered  by  this  means  when  no 
superficial  discoloration  can  be  seen. 

Treatment. — If  the  heels  are  contracted,  they  should 
be  expanded  in  the  manner  recommended  for  the  cure 
of  contraction.  If  the  shoes  have  been  allowed  to  re- 
main on  too  long,  they  should  be  removed  more  fre- 
quently. To  prevent  bruising  the  shoe  should  not  be 
fitted  too  tightly  to  the  heels.  A  small  open  space 
should  be  allowed  between  the  heel  of  the  shoe  and  the 
heel  of  the  foot.  The  application  of  Dr.  Heard's  Hoof 
Liniment  will  materially  assist  the  horn  to  become 
tough  and  elastic,  when  the  concussion  or  jar  to  the 
foot  will  be  greatly  lessened.  Unless  the  lameness  is 
severe,  gentle  exercise  is  better  than  standing  in  the 
stable.  If  the  lameness  is  severe,  showing  that  the  lo- 
cal inflammation  is  also  severe,  it  is  best  treated  by 
poulticing  with  linseed  meal,  to  which  has  been  added 
about  a  tablespoonf  ul  of  Dr.  Heard's  American  Embroca- 
tion. If  the  animal  is  turned  out  to  pasture,  the  shoe 
called  a  tip,  Fig.  54  should  first  be  put  on  to  prevent 
the  wall  of  the  hoof  from  being  broken  away. 


\    \ 

Fig.  54.    Tip.  Fig.  55.    Hoof  with  Quaxtor  Crack. 

QUARTER  CRACK. 

This  is  a  separation  of    the  fibres  of   the  hoof  from 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  163 

their  connections  with  each  other,  occurring  at  the 
quarters. 

Treatment. — The  application  of  a  bar  shoe — round 
shoe,  Fig.  44,  and  making  a  grove  into  the  horn  across 
the  direction  of  the  fibres  at  the  top  of  the  crack  with  a 
thin  hot  iron,  as  seen  in  Fig.  55,  to  prevent  the  further 
extension  of  the  splitting  as  the  new  horn  grows  down. 
To  stimulate  the  new  growth  of  horn,  apply  Dr.  Heard's 
American  Embrocation,  daily  to  the  coronet  over  the  quar- 
ter where  the  crack  is  situated,  until  the  skin  is  rough- 
ened. After  an  intermission  of  a  few  days,  repeat  the 
treatment.  Use  Dr.  Heard's  Hoof  Liniment  to  prevent 
brittleness  and  a  dry  condition  of  the  horn. 


164:  DISEASES  OF 

TEETH. 

CUTTING  TEETH. 

When  young  horses  are  cutting  their  teeth,  they  are 
frequently  the  subjects  of  great  nervous  tension,  and  are 
predisposed  to  become  easy  victims  to  numerous  ail- 
ments. Many  cases  are  met  with  in  which  the  second 
teeth  are  cut  before  the  first  teeth  (which  they  will  re- 
place) are  shed.  In  these  cases  the  first  teeth  ought  to 
be  removed  so  as  to  allow  the  second  teeth  to  come  up 
in  their  proper  place,  otherwise  they  are  apt  to  be 
crowded  out  from  the  normal  position,  and  leave  the 
mouth  somewhat  deformed.  It  is  a  very  easy  matter 
to  remove  the  first  or  milk  teeth  at  the  time  of  the  cut- 
ting of  the  second  permanent  teeth,  as  the  root  has 
been  mostly  absorbed,  and  the  tooth  can  be  extracted 
by  any  kind  of  pliers,  when  no  proper  tooth  forceps  are 
handy. 

WOLF  TEETH. 

Another  frequent  annoyance  among  horses — and  colts 
are  as  frequently  the  subjects  of  it  as  old  horses — is  the 
presence  of  wolf  teeth — also  known  as  Remnant  teeth. 

They  are  found  immediately  in  front  of  the  first  up- 
per molar,  and  they  are  the  only  remains  of  what  was 
in  the  early  ancestors  of  the  horse  the  first  molar.  To 
discover  their  presence  it  is  only  necessary  to  hold  the 
tongue  with  one  hand  and  run  the  thumb  of  the  other 
hand  back  against  the  first  upper  molar,  and  if  a  wolf 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS.  165 

tooth  be  present,  a  small  tip  probably  no  larger  than  a 
pea,  will  be  felt  right  in  front  of  the  root  of  the  first 
back  tooth.  They  will  be  occasionally  found  an  inch 
or  two  in  front  of  the  first  molar,  but  of  course  behind 
the  tush  or  bridle  tooth.  In  some  cases  they  may  be 
felt  beneath  the  gum  before  they  have  cut  through. 

Symptoms. — Wolf  teeth  often  cause  a  horse  to  drive 
badly,  especially  when  an  upper- jaw  bit  and  check  rein 
is  used,  as  the  bit  will  be  brought  right  back  in  contact 
with  them,  and  apparently  cause  the  animal  much  pain. 
They  often  cause  a  horse  to  slobber  a  great  deal  when 
being  driven. 

Removal. — Various  forms  of  forceps  have  been  in- 
vented for  extracting  these  teeth,  and  when  easily  ob- 
tained should  be  used;  but  as  stock  owners  as  a  rule 
cannot  conveniently  command  the  use  of  dental  instru- 
ments, nor  the  services  of  a  skilled  dentist,  a  simple 
means  of  removal  may  be  mentioned,  namely  a  blunt 
chisel.  Place  it  against  the  base  of  the  tooth  and 
strike  a  slight  blow  witk  a  hammer  or  mallet.  The 
tooth  will  usually  become  loosened,  and  if  it  does  not 
drop  out,  will  be  easily  removed  by  the  finger  and 
thumb.  The  chisel  should  be  so  placed  that  it  will 
glide  by  the  first  molar  when  the  wolf  tooth  is  struck. 
It  is  rather  a  crude  method  of  removal,  but  is  often  the 
most  convenient  obtainable  and  quite  as  effectual  as 
any  other. 

IIOLARS. 

Another  anomaly  is  also  frequently  found  in  our 
present  domesticated  horse,  viz.,  the  outer  edges  of  the 
upper  molars  are  found  to  overhang  the  edges  of  the 


166 


DISEASES    OF 


lower  molars,  as  seen  in  Fig.  56.  The  cause  of  this 
seems  to  be  that  with  our  present  method  of  feeding, 
where  the  horse  often  gets  through  a  meal  in  a  half  an 
hour  or  less  time,  there  is  not  sufficient  wear  of  the 
teeth  to  keep  them  level.    A  question  frequently  put  to 


Fig.  56.    Teeth  showing  overhanging  upper  molars. 


me  by  employers  is  "  What  does  the  wild  horse  in  a 
state  of  nature  do  about  getting  his  teeth  filed  ?  "  The 
answer  to  the  question  is  that,  as  the  wild  horse  is 
about  all  the  time  grinding  food  that  he  has  to  search 
for  so  diligently,  the  teeth  are  worn  sufficiently  fast  to 
keep  them  level.  By  looking  at  the  above  picture  we 
can  easily  see  that  the  effect  of  these  overhanging 
edges  is  to  cut  the  cheek  while  feeding,  or  more  fre- 
quently perhaps  when  the  bit  is  placed  in  the  mouth 
and  held  by  the  reins  ;  the  cheek  is  now  puckered  up 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


167 


and  will  be  brought  with  some  force  against  the  sharp 
of   the  teeth.     It  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  find 
horses  with  large  sores  on  the  inside 
of  the   cheek   that  have  been  caused 
by  these    sharp    edges  of    the   teeth. 
To  examine  a  horse's  mouth  for  these 
sharp   edges   it  is   only  necessary  to 
hold  the  tongue  with  one   hand  and 
run  the  thumb  of  the  other  hand  back 
along  the  outside  of  the  upper  teeth, 
when,    if   any  sharp    edges  or  points 
are  present,  they  will  be  immediately 
felt.     Having    discovered    the    sharp 
edges,   it   will  be   necessary    to   level 
4      them   down  with   some  kind  of  rasp. 
**.      Different  kinds  are  used,  but  one  of  the 
I      simplest  and  most  convenient  will  be 
found  pictured  in  Fig.  57.   This  should 
^      be  rubbed  on  the  edges  of  the  teeth 
^      until    they    have    a  level    feel    when 
examined    by    the    thumb   as    above 
described.     Care  should  be  taken  that 
the  last  molars  are  reached  with  the 
file,  and  that  they  are  made  level  as 
well  as  those  placed  more  toward  the 
front  of    the   mouth.       Nearly   every 
horse  that  is  fed  in  the  ordinary  way 
on  oats  and  hay  will  require  to  have 
his  teeth  dressed  about  once  a  year. 


168 


DISEASES    OF 


*THE  GROWTH  AND  WEAR  OF  TEETH. 

Healthy  horses'  teeth  (the  second  set,  not  the  first), 
grow  practically  throughout  life,  but  much  slower  after 
fifteen  or  sixteen  years  of  age 
than  before.  This  growth  is 
designed  by  nature  to  counter- 
act the  enormous  wear  of  the 
teeth,  the  horse  having  to 
perform  for  himself  that  which 
the  miller  performs  for  man. 
If  the  lower  molar,  illustrated 
in  figure  59,  had  met  its 
corresponding  upper  molar, 
its  two  inches  of  extra  growth 
should  have  been  worn  off  by 
attrition  (mastication)  and  a 
like  amount  from  the  upjDer 
tooth.  But  the  upper  tooth 
was  unfortunately  lost.  The 
lower  tooth  therefore,  grew  till 
the  friction  from  it  on  the 
upper  jaw  killed  the  horse. 
Various  kinds  of  instruments 
are  used  to  remove  this  extra 
growth  of  teeth.  A  moderately 
sharp  chisel  may  be  used,  but 
there  is  danger  of  its  slipping 
and  cutting  the  soft  structures 
of  the  mouth  or  throat,  for  it 
has  to  be  struck  with  considera- 
ble force.     When  convenient  send  for  a  veterinary  den- 


Fig.  59.   Back  lower  molar 

extra  growth  begins  at 

dotted  line. 


*  This  page  is  from  '•  Horse's  Teeth."  by  W.  H.  Clarke. 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  169 

tist.      There   are  very  few  animals  besides  the   horse 
'whose  teeth  grow  throughout  life. 

There  are  many  diseases  to  which  the  teeth  are  sub- 
ject, but  we  shall  only  notice  one,  viz. : 

ULCERATION   OF    TEETH— NECROSIS— ROTTEN 
TOOTH. 

Fortunately  the  horse  is  not  as  liable  to  necrosis  of 
the  teeth  as  is  man  ;  in  fact,  it  is  rather  rare  except  in 
very  old  animals.  In  many  cases  horses  undoubtedly 
suffer  from  ulceration  of  the  teeth  and  the  consequent 
pain  for  some  time  before  discovery.  The  animal  will 
lose  flesh,  the  hair  looks  dry  and  there  is  a  general  ap- 
pearance of  poor  nutrition.  In  advanced  cases  there  is 
sometimes  swelling  of  the  glands  under  the  jaw,  with 
foul-smelling  breath  ;  a  little  later,  if  an  upper  tooth  is 
the  subject  of  ulceration,  we  are  likely  to  have  a  foul- 
smelling  discharge  from  the  nostril  of  the  affected  side. 
I  have  known  this  condition  to  continue  for  many 
months  without  the  true  cause  being  discovered. 

The  mouth  should  be  examined  by  inserting  the 
mouth  speculum,   shown  in  figure   60.      The   tongue 


Fig.  60.    Mouth  speculum. 


170  DISEASES   OF 

should  be  held  by  an  assistant  and  the  head  kept  steady 
by  another  assistant,  holding  one  ear  with  one  hand, 
and  the  nose  with  the  other.  The  operator  can  now 
run  the  hand  back  through  the  opening  in  the  specu- 
lum, and  examine  the  teeth  carefully.  If  ulceration  has 
progressed  to  any  extent,  he  will  feel  the  hollow  space 
(cavity)  in  the  tooth,  or  perhaps  between  two  teeth. 
Having  discovered  this  hollow  space,  the  diagnosis  is 
certain.  I  shall  not  describe  the  methods  of  removal 
of  the  remaining  portion  of  the  ulcerated  tooth,  as  the 
services  of  a  skilled  operator  with  complicated  instru- 
ments will  in  nearly  every  case  be  found  necessary.  If 
an  old  horse  is  the  subject  of  the  disease,  it  is  best  that 
he  be  destroyed. 

PARASITES. 

Parasites  are  living  organisms  that  obtain  their  sub- 
stance from  the  nutritious  material  contained  in  the 
bodies  of  other  living  organisms.  Some  of  the  para- 
sites are  of  a  vegetable  nature,  as  the  fungus  of  the 
ringworm,  occurring  on  the  skin  of  man  and  most  of 
the  domestic  animals.  Many  parasites  belong  to  the 
animal  kingdom,  as  worms,  ticks,  lice,  fleas  and  various 
kinds  of  flies.  Then  again  some  of  the  most  destruc- 
tive parasites  that  infect  man  and  animals  are  neither 
vegetable  nor  animal,  but  seem  to  have  a  realm  by 
themselves,  about  midway  between  the  vegetable  and 
animal  kingdoms.  To  this  class  belong  the  various 
species  of  bacteria  and  cocci  that  are  the  cause  of 
most  of  the  infectious  aud  contageous  diseases  in  man 
and  animals. 

We  shall  not  attempt  to  describe  this  last  class.     For 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


171 


their  effects  we  must  refer  the  reader  to  the  various  in- 
fectious and  contagious  diseases  mentioned  in  another 
part  of  this  work.  We  shall  only  consider  the  most 
common  vegetable  and  animal  species  and  their  effects 
on  the  system. 

RINGWORM. 

This  is  a  disease  of  the  skin  and  is  caused  by  a  pecu- 
liar plant,  seen  in  Fig.  61.  This  plant  causes  ringworm 
in  horses,  Fig.  G2  represents  a  plant  which  causes 
ringworm  in  poultry.     Most  of  the  domestic  animals 


Cpof 


<w'°^ 


Fig.  61.    Parasite  causing  ringworm  in  horse. 


are  subject  to  the  invasions  of  this  parasite,  and  I  have 
noticed  that  in  damp  climates  or  in  unusually  wet  sea- 
sons, especially  in  hot  weather,  the  disease  is  much 
more  common  than  in  cold  or  dry  climates  or  seasons. 
There  are  several  species  of  vegetable  fungi  which 
cause  skin  diseases,  each  giving  symptoms  somewhat 
different  fro  m  the  other,  but  as  they  will  require  about 
the  same  kind  of  treatment  to  destroy  the  plant,  I  shall 
describe  them  all  as  ringworms. 


172 


DISEASES     OF 


The  most  common  form  is  where  the  mode  of  growth 
of  the  fungi  is  in  the  form  of  circles  of  greater  or  less 
regularity.  These  fungi  attach  themselves  to  the  skin 
and  burrow  down  into  the  sheaths  of  the  hairs,  causing 
more  or  less  irritation  and  inflammation.  They  live  and 
develop  by  absorbing  the  nutritive  elements  of  the 
skin.  Young  animals  or  those  poorly  nourished  are 
more  frequently  the  subjects  of  the  disease  than  older 
and  stronger  animals.  In  calves  it  is  found  most  fre- 
quently on  the  eyelids  and  lips  and  skin  of  the  neck  ; 
rarely  on  the  hind  limbs.  In  horses  it  is  most  frequent- 
ly found  in  the  region  of  the  root  of  the  tail,  and  seems 
to  be  caused  in  many  cases  by  the  crupper  of  the  har- 
ness carrying  the  spores  or  germs  of  the  disease.  It  is 
quite  common  in  dogs,  and  may  occur  in  any  part  of 
the  body,  causing  an  intolerable  itching. 


Fig.  62.    Microscopic  appearance  of  parasite  causing  ringworm  in  poultry, 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  173 

Perhaps  the  worst  feature  about  this  disease  is  that 
children— and  sometimes  adults— frequently  take  it  from 
the  horse,  calf  or  dog. 

Grooming  utensils,  clothing,  harness,  etc.,  often  con- 
vey the  parasites  from  one  animal  to  another.  I  be- 
lieve that  at  least  10  per  cent,  of  the  horses  that  are 
brought  here  from  the  west,  become  affected  with  ring- 
worm before  they  have  been  here  a  year. 

Treatment. — The  treatment  for  ringworm  in  horses  is 
usually  not  a  very  difficult  matter,  yet  there  are  some 
cases  that  are  unusually  obstinate.  In  most  cases  a  few 
applications  once  a  day  of  Dr.  Heard's  Mange  Cure 
will  be  sufficient  to  completely  destroy  the  parasite.  It 
should  be  used  full  strength,  by  rubbing  a  little  of  the 
salve  into  the  spot  with  the  fingers.  In  a  fe^  days  the 
young  hairs  will  be  seen  sprouting  out  of  the  skin. 
This  is  the  proof  of  cure.  If  the  parasite  has  burrowed 
down  into  the  hair  sheaths  and  sebaceous  follicles,  it 
will  be  more  difficult  to  get  at  the  spores,  and  the  dis- 
ease will  persist  longer  and  will  require  a  longer  treat- 
ment, sometimes  for  2  or  3  weeks.  But  the  important 
point  is  to  persist  in  the  treatment  without  intermission 
until  the  parasite  is  destroyed  which  it  will  certainly 
be,  no  matter  how  severe  the  case,  if  the  daily  applica- 
tion of  the  mange  cure  is  steadily  continued.  The  treat- 
ment for  calves  is  the  same  as  for  horses. 

For  dogs  the  mange  cure  should  be  applied  twice  a 
day  by  dissolving  a  tablespoonful  in  a  pint  of  warm 
water  and  rubbing  in  with  a  brush.  After  the  first 
week,  once  a  day  will  be  sufficient.  It  should  be  re- 
membered, however,  that  in  dogs  the  disease  is  very 
persistent,  on  account  of  the  spores  being  deeply  imbed- 
ded in  the  skin.     The  treatment  will  sometimes  have  to 


174 


DISEASES   OF 


be  continued  for  a  month  or  six  weeks,  although  I  have 
often  cured  recent  cases  in  2  or  3  applications  I  have 
never  yet  found  a  case  that  has  resisted  this  treatment 
when  I  have  personally  supervised  the  applications. 

The  utensils  and  stalls  should  be  thoroughly  disin- 
fected by  being  boiled  if  possible.  The  immovable 
parts  of  the  stable  fixtures  should  be  well  washed  with 
hot  water  and  soap  and  then  coated  with  a  solution  of 
the  Mange  Cure — a  half  pint  to  two  gallons  of  warm 
water. 

FLIES  AND  MOSQUITOES. 

In  some  climates  these  parasites  are  exceedingly 
deleterious  to  the  health  of  domestic  animals.  In  Fig. 
63  we  give  a  picture  of  the  business  end  of  a  mosquito, 
in  which  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  built  especially  for  the 
purpose  of  boring  into  tough  structures.  The  sharp 
pointed  dagger  is  inserted  through  the  skin  of  many 
animals  with  the  greatest  ease. 


Fig.  63.    Head  of  Mosquito  showing  the  sharp  proboscis. 

There  is  a  fly  known  as  the  grey  horse-fly,  in  some  lo- 
calities as  the  green-head  which  is  very  annoying  to 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  175 

horses  with  sensitive  skins.  The  common  fly  too  is 
very  annoying  to  many  animals  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
summer.  The  annoyance  and  irritation  caused  by  the 
parasites  tend  to  keep  many  horses  poor  in  flesh,  re- 
duce the  amount  of  milk  yeilded  by  cows,  and  when 
they  are  exceedingly  numerous,  often  act  as  predis- 
posing causes  of  other  and  more  serious  disorders.  "We 
shall  not  in  this  place  notice  the  gad,  bot,  or  grub-fly, 
but  describe  each  under  the  heading  of  the  disease  it 
causes, 

Treatment. — Keep  stable  and  other  buildings  where 
animals  are  housed  as  dark  as  possible;  use  screens  to 
prevent  the  entrance  of  flies  when  the  windows  and 
doors  are  open.  When  at  work  where  these  pests  are 
especially  annoying,  fly  nets  may  be  advantageously 
used.  Twigs  or  the  small  branches  of  trees  attached 
to  parts  of  the  harness  are  very  useful  as  preventives. 
The  application  of  a  solution  of  walnut  tree  leaves  once 
a  week  is  said  to  be  aff  excellent  preventive.  The 
leaves  should  be  boiled  for  a  few  minutes;  but  the  ani- 
mals may  be  simply  rubbed  with  the  leaves  themselves. 

FLEAS. 

This  order  of  parasite  is  very  annoying  to  many  ani- 
mals. Drawings  of  the  heads  of  some  of  them  are  shown 
in  Figs.  64,  65,  66  and  67. 


Fig.  64.    Head  of  man  flea.  Fig,  {55.    Head  of  dog  flea, 


176  diseases  or 


Fig.  66.    Head  of  rabbit  flea.  Fig.  67.    Head  of  fowl  flea. 

The  above  illustrations  show  the  heads  magnified  30  diameters. 

Treatment — Dr.  Heard's  Mange  Cure,  applied  as  di- 
rected. Persian  Insect  Powder  will  drive  the  fleas  off* 
but  will  not  kill  them.  Kennels  should  be  frequently 
treated  with  boiling  water.  The  floors  should  be 
sprinkled  with  Creoline  Powder,  which  will  also  drive 
the  fleas  away. 

CHIGOE— JIGGER— SAND  FLEA. 


Fig.  68.     Chigoe  or  sand  flea. 


In  Fig.  68  we  have  a  representation  of  this  insect, 
which  is  such  a  pest  to  man  and  animals  in  Texas,  Kan- 
sas, and  many  Southern  States.  It  attacks  sheep, 
goats,  horses,  mules,  cattle,  cats,  dogs,  and  pigs  and 
chickens  are  its  especial  prey.     The  female  of  this  in- 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


177 


sect  penetrates  the  skin  of  man  or  animal,  remaining" 
imbedded  for  from  three  to  seven  days.  It  contains 
from  150  to  250  eggs.  These  are  implanted  and  some- 
times hatched  in  the  pustule  that  is  formed  by  the  irri- 
tation which  the  parasite  sets  up. 

Treatment. — To  prevent  the  access  of  this  insect,  the 
body  should  be  sponged  with  a  solution  of  a  table- 
spoonful  of  Dr.  Heard's  Mange  Cure  in  a  gallon  of  wa- 
ter about  twice  a  week.  When  the  parasite  is  already 
in  the  skin  and  the  pustule  formed,  it  should  be  punc- 
tured with  a  needle  and  dressed  twice  a  day  with  Dr. 
Heard's  Healing  Lotion.  This  will  prevent  the  devel- 
opement  of  the  eggs  which  are  nearly  always  present 
and  may  cause  dangerous  symptoms  if  not  destroyed. 


Fig.  69.    Head  of  tick 
enlarged  50  times. 


Fig.  70.    Dog  tick  enlarged 
after  feeding, 


iflg,  71.    Dog  tick 
natural  size 


12 


178 


DISEASES    OF 


In  Fig.  69  is  seen  the  head  of  one  of  the  ticks,  en- 
larged 50  times,  and  in  Fig.  71  is  seen  a  dog  tick  of 
natural  size  and  in  Fig.  70  same  enlarged  after  feeding. 
These  parasites  do  not  seem  to  cause  a  great  amount  of 
suffering  as  nearly  all  sheep  seem  to  be  affected  "with 
them  without  ever  noticing  their  presence.  Each 
species  of  domestic  animals  has  its  peculiar  species  of 
tick,  each  being  different  from  the  other. 

LICE. 


Most  of  these  parasites  have  the  mouth  arranged  so 
as  to  act  as  suckers,  and  many  of  the  species  have  only 
one  claw  on  each  foot,  as  will  be  seen  on  referring  to 
Fig.  73. 


Fig.  72.    Horse  louse. 


Fig.  73.    Ox  louae. 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


179 


Fig.  74. 


louse. 


Fig.  75.    Goat  louse. 


Fig.  76.    Pig  louse. 


Fig.  77.    Dog  louse. 


Fig.  78.    Fowl  louse. 


They  are  propagated  by  eggs.  These  are  known  as 
nits,  and  in  many  species  of  animal  are  found  attached 
to  the  hair  by  a  gluey  substance. 

Symptoms. — All  animals  reveal  the  presence  of  these 
parasites  by  rubbing  and  scratching.  If  long  contin- 
ued, the  skin  will  be  bare  in  spots,  and  a  little  later 
sores  will  be  produced.  Such  animals  are  usually  in  a 
bad  condition,  unable  to  stand  a  hard  days  work. 
Long  hair,  lack  of  cleanliness,  and  general  debility  all 
conduce  to  the  multiplication  of  lice. 

Treatment. — Cleanliness  is  a    paramount    necessity. 


180  DISEASES    OF 

In  short-haired  animals  it  is  comparatively  easy  to  get 
rid  of  lice.  In  animals  with  long  hair  a  cure  will  be 
greatly  expedited  if  the  hair  is  removed.  This  will  also 
prevent  the  nits  from  having  a  suitable  place  for  depo- 
sition. The  use  of  Dr.  Heard's  Mange  Cure  of  the 
strength  of  a  tablespoonful  to  a  pint  of  warm  water,  will 
kill  the  lice,  but  it  will  be  necessary  to  repeat  the  treat- 
ment about  every  4  days  to  destroy  the  parasites  that 
have  been  hatched  since  the  last  application.  When  a 
large  number  of  animals  are  the  subjects  of  a  plague  of 
lice,  it  will  be  advisable  to  disinfect  the  stables  or 
buildings  by  washing  either  with  5  per  cent  creoline  so- 
lution or  with  pure  vinegar  once  a  week  for  3  or  4 
weeks.  A  decoction  of  3  ounces  of  tobacco,  boiled  in  a 
quart  of  water,  is  also  a  good  remedy  when  applied 
every  4  days. 

SCAB,  ITCH,  MANGE. 

These  parasites  are  a  very  serious  scourge  to  some  of 
the  domestic  animals,  especially  to  sheep.  Man  is  also 
occasionally  the  subject  of  this  pest,  in  whom  it  is  quite 
difficult  to  cure.  Drawings  of  the  insects  which  cause 
mange  in  the  horse,  scab  in  sheep  and  itch  in  man  are 
seen  in  Figs.  79,  80  and  81. 

It  will  be  seen  that  they  are  all  supplied  with  a  boring 
apparatus  at  the  point  of  the  head,  and  also  suckers  at 
the  ends  of  the  extremities  or  legs.  These  suckers  are 
especially  brought  into  use  when  the  female  enters  the 
skin,  for  only  the  female  enters  it.  They  hold  the  in- 
sect fast  to  the  skin,  and  the  point  of  the  nose  is  pushed 
through  in  much  the  same  way  that  a  mole  enters  a 
burrow  in  the  ground.  Once  inside  the  outer  skin,  the 
burrowing  continues.     The    eggs   are    gradually    de- 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


181 


posited  along  the  burrow  until  about  15  have  been  left 
in  the  gallery  at  different  intervals,  as  is  seen  in  Fig.  82 
In  from  36  to  100  hours  the  young  insects  are  hatched 
and  begin  their  work  of  destruction.  There  are  said  to 
be  twice  as  many  females  hatched  as  males,  which  is 
in  accordance  with  the  well  known  law  that  where  the 


Fig.  79.    Mange  insect, 
Horse. 


Pig.  80.    Scab  insect.  Fig.  81.  Itch  insect. 

Man. 


Gallery  or  bnrrow  under  the  skin  made  by  the  female  mange 
parasite  (showing  eggs  along  the  track  of  the  animal.) 


182  DISEASES   OF 

conditions  of  animal  life  are  favorable,  the  females  al- 
ways outnumber  the  males.  In  this  case  nutrition  is  in 
abundant  supply.  The  eggs  will  retain  their  vital 
properties  from  1  day  to  3  weeks,  depending  on  the 
temperature  after  removal  from  the  body.  Hence  the 
great  liability  of  a  recurrence  from  reinfection  after 
the  parasites  themselves  have  been  destroyed. 

Symptoms. — In  all  animals  the  invasion  of  this  insect 
causes  intense  irritation  and  prevents  ordinary  and 
necessary  rest.  They  lose  condition  and  from  frequent 
rubbing  will  soon  be  covered  with  sores  as  the  disease 
will  extend  in  various  directions.  In  sheep,  hard  crusts 
or  scabs  are  soon  formed  over  the  spot  where  the  para- 
site is  located.  The  loss  from  this  disease  is  probably 
not  very  serious  in  this  country,  except  in  the  case  of 
sheep  in  which  it  is  enormous.  Many  parts  of  this 
country  that  are  well  adapted  to  raising  sheep  are  al- 
most entirely  devoid  of  this  very  profitable  animal  be- 
cause of  the  difficulty  of  preventing  infection.  Many 
farmers  in  Kansas  have  informed  me  that  the  great 
losses  from  scab  in  sheep  have  compelled  them  to 
abandon  an  otherwise  profitable  industry. 

Treatment. — In  mange  of  the  horse  the  affected 
animal  should  be  isolated.  No  grooming  instrument 
used  on  the  infected  animal  should  be  used  on  the  un- 
infected ;  neither  should  the  same  harness  be  used. 
The  affected  horse  should  be  clipped  and  kept  at  some 
distance*  from  the  stable  and  the  hair  burnt.  The 
horse  should  now  be  well  covered  with  soft  soap  and 
rubbed  with  the  hand  to  soften  the  scabs.  At  the  end 
of  2  hours  the  animal  should  receive  a  thorough  scrub- 
bing with  a  brush  and  warm  water,  after  which  it 
should  be  dried  with  whisks  of  straw  or  cloth,  the  latter 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  183 

being  burnt,  as  they  will  contain  both  the  parasites  and 
their  eggs.  Now  a  15  per  cent,  solution  of  creoline  in 
water  should  be  applied,  and  the  treatment  repeated  5 
days  after,  two  or  three  times  successively  ;  or  the  fol- 
lowing application  may  be  used  instead :  2  ounces  of 
tobacco,  boiled  in  a  quart  of  water  for  15  minutes,  and 
repeated  every  4  or  5  days.  As  this  solution  does  not 
destroy  the  vitality  of  the  eggs,  and  as  they  hatch  out 
in  a  few  days,  repetition  of  the  application  will  destroy 
each  new  brood. 

Treatment  for  Scab  in  Sheep. — When  only  a  few  sheep 
are  affected,  and  the  invasion  is  recent,  the  application 
3  or  4  times  at  intervals  of  4  or  5  days  of  the  tobacco 
solution  mentioned  above  will  be  sufficient  to  effect  a 
cure  ;  but  if,  as  frequently  happens,  a  whole  flock  be- 
comes infected,  the  successful  treatment  will  be  a 
problem  of  much  greater  difficulty,  on  account  of  the 
impossibility  of  isolating  those  that  may  be  easily  cured 
from  those  in  which  the  disease  is  deep-seated  and  hard 
to  cure.  The  following  will  eradicate  the  scab  from  a 
large  flock  when  fully  carried  out.  The  most  economi- 
cal treatment  for  a  large  number  of  animals  will  be  by 
using  a  dipping  fluid,  to  make  which  there  are  numer- 
ous receipts.  The  cause  of  the  non-success  of  most  of 
them  is  that  the  details  of  application  are  rarely  carried 
out.  If  the  wool  is  long  it  will  be  much  more  difficult 
to  effect  a.  cure  than  just  after  its  removal.  The  sheep 
to  be  treated  should  therefore  be  shorn  before  the 
treatment  is  begun.  The  French  use  a  solution  of 
creoline  in  water  in  the  proportion  of  1  pint  creoline  to 
10  gallons  of  water  aud  a  pint  of  glycerine.  In  Great 
Britain  the  preparations  of  arsenic  are  mostly  used,  a 
formula  of  which  I  will  here  give.     Arsenic  35J  ounces, 


184  DISEASES   OF 

sulphate  of  zinc  (commercial)  11  pounds  1J  ounces, 
aloes  1  lb.  2  ounces,  water,  22  gallons. 

Dissolve  the  arsenic  in  4  gallons  of  boiling  water  ; 
also  dissolve  the  aloes  and  sulphate  of  zinc  in  2  gals,  of 
cold  water,  then  gradually  mix  the  2  solutions,  and 
add  the  remainder  of  the  water.  This  will  not  be  an 
expensive  dipping  solution,  and  is  considered  sufficient 
for  dressing  100  sheep.  It  does  not  stain  the  wool. 
The  dipping  fluid  should  be  kept  continuously  warm 
while  the  dipping  is  going  on.  A  large  tub  is  required 
for  the  dipping  process,  and  if  a  large  number  are  to  be 
dipped,  four  men  should  be  employed,  one  to  get  the 
sheep  as  they  are  required  by  the  men  at  the  tub.  Three 
men  should  be  at  the  bath,  two  of  whom  must  be  sup- 
plied with  brushes  to  scrub  the  sheep  with  while 
immersed  in  the  bath.  As  fast  as  the  sheep  are  com- 
pletely dipped,  they  should  be  passed  to  another  inclo- 
sure,  to  prevent  them  from  mixing  with  the  undipped. 

No  man  with  sores  on  his  hands  should  handle 
arsenical  preparations.  The  sheep  should  be  kept  im- 
mersed in  the  bath  for  about  2  minutes,  care  being  taken 
to  keep  the  nose  and  mouth  out  of  the  solution.  A  so- 
lution of  tobacco  in  the  same  proportion  as  recommend- 
ed for  mange  in  the  horse  is  a  cheap  and  effective  dip, 
but  it  should  be  repeated  3  or  4  times  at  intervals  of 
about  a  week.  The  arsenical  bath  should  be  repeated 
in  about  2  weeks.  The  sheep  should  not  be  allowed  to 
return  to  the  same  pasture  for  6  or  8  weeks  if  the  tem- 
perature is  at  all  high. 

WORMS. 

The  bots  and  stomach  grubs  are  the  most  frequent 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


185 


in  the  horse  and  are  well  illustrated  in  Fig.  83.  The 
origin  of  the  bot  is  traced  to  the  gad  fly,  seen  in  Fig. 
84. 


Fig.  84.    Gad  fly. 


During  the  later  summer  months  these  flies  may  be 
seen  about  the  knees  and  legs  of  horses  at  pasture,  lay- 
ing their  eggs,  which  are  carried  into  the  stomach  by 
the  horse  licking  the  hair.  On  arriving  in  the  stomach, 
which  is  the  natural  habitat  of  the  grub,  they  fasten 
themselves  to  the  mucus  membrane,  and  there  remain 
for  perhaps  several  months.  In  some  cases  they  are  so 
numerous  as  to  materially  interfere  with  the  process  of 
digestion,  and  the  horse  will  lose  flesh  and  suffer  undue 
irritation  of  the  stomach.  In  such  cases  it  will  be 
necessary  to  get  them  out  of  the  system,  for  which  pur- 
pose Dr.  Heard's  Worm  Ptofi|fcRS  are  an  excellent 
remedy.  They  should  be  givje^frn*  2  or  3  weeks  after 
the  discovery  of  the  bots. 


186  DISEASES  OF 


THE  ASCARIDE  OR  LARGE  HORSEWORM. 

This  is  seen  in  Fig.  85  and  is  usually  from  4  to  10 
inches  long.     These  worms  are  sometimes  very  numer- 
ous in  the  horse  and  may  give  rise  to  frequent  attacks 
of  colic,  diarrhea  and   debility.     They  also 
cause    bad    condition    and    predispose    to 
disease.   It  has  been  estimated  that  the  eggs 
produced  by  a  single  female  often  number 
several  millions.      They  are  usually  taken 
into  the   alimentary  canal  with  food    and 
water.     The  treatment  will  consist  in  giving 
Dk.  Heard's  Worm  Powders  every   day  for 
.  ten    days,   to  be  followed    by  6   drams  of 
§  Barbadoes  aloes  and  1  dram  of  ginger  made 
I  into  a  ball  to  be  given  on  the  tenth  night 

|  after  beginning  the   powders. 

• 

i  OXYURIS,  PIN-WORM,  THREAD- WORM 

o 

• 

'§  This  worm  is  very  common  in  horses  that 
«  have  been  pastured  on  grass  in  the  summer, 
£  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  86. 
g  These  parasites  often  cause  debility  and 
w  loss  of  flesh,  and  cannot  be  got  rid  of  too 
soon. 

Treatment. — Give  Heard's  Worm  Powders 
as  directed  and  on  the  5th  day  after 
beginning  the  powders,  inject  into  the 
rectum  one  ounce  of  turpentine  mixed  with 
a  pint  of  linseed  oil.  On  the  12th  day  give 
a    ball    containing   6   drams   of  Barbadoes 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


187 


aloes  and  1  dram  of  ginger  after  which  the  horse  must 
be  allowed  to  rest  two  or  three  days. 


Fig.  86.    Oxyuris  or  horse  thread  worn. 


DISTOMA  HEPATICUM— LIVER-FLUKE. 


Pig.  87.    Young  flukeworm.  Fig.  88.    Adult  flukeworm. 


188  DISEASES    OF 

The  disease  caused  by  this  parasite  is  very  common 
in  some  seasons  and  in  some  localities.  It  is  peculiar 
to  sheep  and  is  known  as  liver-rot,  fluke-disease,  sheep 
rot,  etc.  In  Figs.87  and  88  are  seen  specimens  of  the  para- 
sites with  their  size  and  shape.  The  body  is  flattened 
and  the  color  is  j>ale-brown.  It  is  peculiar  to  low,  wet 
pastures  and  wet  seasons.  Its  life-history  is  very  in- 
teresting. It  passes  a  portion  of  its  life  in  one  of  the 
snails.  As  these  are  found  only  in  moist  places,  it  ex- 
plains the  cause  of  the  parasite  being  found  only  on 
wet  pastures  or  during  extraordinary  wet  seasons. 

Symptoms. — For  the  first  three  months  after  sheep  are 
infected,  they  will  often  fatten  very  fast.  This  is  soon 
followed  by  diminished  appetite  and  great  thirst. 
Wasting  now  begins  and  continues  until  death  occurs 
from  anemia,  unless  the  flukes  are  expelled  and  conva- 
lescence begins.  The  latter  event  usually  occurs  in 
May  or  June,  but  unfortuuately  most  of  the  diseased 
sheep  die  before  that  time.  On  making  an  examination 
of  the  liver  of  a  sheep  that  has  died  of  this  disease  the 
flukes  will  be  seen  in  the  bile-ducts  of  the  organ,  vary- 
ing in  size  from  the  young  to  the  full-grown,  as  seen  in 
Figs.  87  and  88.  The  losses  of  sheep  from  this  disease  in 
the  whole  world  are  said  to  be  much  greater  than  those 
from  any  other  known  disease.  The  losses  in  England  in 
one  year  were  estimated  at  3,000,000  sheep. 

Treatment. — Sheep  should  always  be  kept  away  from 
wet  pastures.  As  to  medicines,  the  infusion  of  pine- 
leaves,  spruce-leaves,  oak-leaves,  walnut-leaves,  lime- 
water,  sulphate  of  iron,  and  common  salt  all  have  their 
special  advocates.  The  two  last  seem  to  have  the 
preference. 

The  experience  of  most  observers  has  been  that  when 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


189 


the  parasite  has  once  established  a  foothold  in  a  sheep, 
it  is  almost  useless  to  attempt  to  dislodge  it. 

STRONGYLUS  FILARIA,  LUNG-WORM. 

This  worm,  which  is  so  destructive  to  young  lambs 
and  calves,  is  seen  in  Figs.  89  and  90.  The  disease  which 
it  produces  is  known  as  "  hose  in  lambs,"  white-skin, 
pelt-rot,  etc.  When  the  parasites  are  present  in  large 
numbers,  they  cause  bronchitis  and  pneumonia. 


B 


Figs.  89  &  90.    Two  specimens  of  strongylus  fllarift. 


190  DISEASES    OF 

Symptoms. — Coughing  attracts,  early  attention;  if  th& 
animal  is  made  to  move,  a  fit  of  coughing  is  sure  to  oc- 
cur. There  is  a  thick  discharge  of  mucus  from  the  nos- 
trils, and  the  worms  are  often  found  in  it.  As  the  dis- 
ease advances  the  animal  becomes  greatly  weakened 
and  loses  condition  ;  the  breathing  becomes  labored, 
and  all  the  symptoms  of  pneumonia  may  be  present. 
The  animal  looks  dull  and  stupid  and  does  not  care  to 
move. 

Treatment. — To  prevent  infection,  sheep  should  be 
kept  on  new  pastures.  The  old  pastures  on  which 
infected  sheep  have  been  kept  will  contain  the  eggs  of 
the  worms,  which  will  reach  the  lungs  after  being 
taken  in  with  the  food.  The  fumes  of  sulphur  is  about 
the  best  remedy  after  the  disease  has  once  got  a  foot- 
hold. The  sheep  must  be  placed  in  a  closed  building, 
and  a  small  quantity  of  sulphur  set  on  fire.  This  will 
produce  hard  fits  of  coughing,  during  which  large 
numbers  of  the  worms  will  be  expelled.  The  animals 
must  not  remain  in  the  sulphurous  atmosphere  more 
than  ten  minutes,  as  there  is  danger  of  suffocation. 
Another  good  remedy  is  the  following  :  Oil  of  tar  1  oz., 
oil  of  turpentine  1  oz.,  sweet  oil  6  ozs.  Give  10  to  20 
drops  in  the  nostrils  daily. 

CENURUS  CEREBRALIS. 

This  worm  produces  the  disease  in  sheep  known  as 
Gid,  Turn-Sick,  Hydatid  on  the  Brain.  The  cenurus 
cerebralis  is  the  cystic  form  of  the  tenia  cenurus,  which 
is  one  of  the  common  tape-worms  of  the  dog.  In  Fig. 
91  is  seen  a  cyst  containing  a  number  of  the  eggs  of 
this  worm.  These  cysts  are  found  in  the  brain,  and  are 
the  cause  of  the  curious  symptoms  seen  in  gid.     In  Fig. 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  191 

92  is  seen  the  fully  developed  tape-worm  as  found  in 
the  dog.     The  eggs  from  the  cyst  are  taken  in  by  dogs 


Fig.  91.   Cyst  containing  eggs  of  ceriums  cerebralis. 


Fig.  92     Tenia  cenurus,  a  dog  tapeworm. 


192  DISEASES    OF 

when  devouring  the  head  of  the  sheep,  and  the  contin- 
uation of  the  development  produces  the  tenia  cenurus 
or  dog  tape-worm.  As  the  worm  developes,  the  eggs  are 
voided  by  the  dog.  They  are  voided  in  great  num- 
bers and  are  distributed  on  the  grass  over  which  the 
dog  has  passed.  The  sheep  eat  them  with  the  grass, 
and  in  this  way  the  parasite  gains  access  to  the  internal 
organs. 

Symptoms. — In  from  8  to  20  days  after  the  parasite 
has  reached  the  brain,  signs  of  congestion  appear  ;  the 
head  is  carried  lower  or  higher  than  usual  and  to  one 
side  ;  the  animal  performs  forward  movements  to  the 
right  or  left,  in  a  circle,  or  it  rotates  in  one  spot — going 
round  as  if  on  a  pivot.  In  some  cases  the  animal  acts 
as  if  intoxicated,  and  frequently  stumbles  and  falls. 
It  will  keep  by  itself  and  shun  other  sheep.  In  some 
cases  it  goes  straight  forward,  lifting  the  head  and 
feet  higher  than  usual.  The  symptoms  will  vary  accord- 
ing to  the  situation  in  the  brain  that  the  parasite  oc- 
cupies; we  may  have  partial  or  complete  paralysis. 

Treatment — We  shall  not  recommend  any  treatment 
for  cases  in  which  gid  has  already  developed,  but  must 
be  content  to  advise  that  the  heads  of  sheep  that  have 
died  from  it  should  be  burnt  ;  and  in  fact  the  heads  of 
sheep  should  never  be  fed  to  dogs.  If  this  rule  was 
carefully  observed,  the  species  of  cenurus  cerebralis 
would  soon  become  extinct. 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


193 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OP  MEDICINES. 


There  are  various  methods  of  administering  medi- 
cines to  the  domestic  animals,  depending  on  the  nature 
of  the  medicine  to  be  given  and  the  species  of  animal 
to  which  it  is  proposed  to  give  it. 

Liquid  medicines  are  given  to  the  horse  mostly  by 
the  mouth,  sometimes  by  the  rectum  and  in  some  cases 
by  injecting  it  under  the  skin.    In  Fig.  93  is  seen  a 


13 


Fig.  98.    Administering  a  drench. 


194  DISEASES     OF 

picture  of  a  man  in  the  act  of  giving  a  dose  of  liquid 
medicine  by  the  mouth.  It  will  be  seen  that  one  man 
is  holding  up  the  head  of  the  animal  by  placing  a  loop 
of  rope  or  a  leather  strap  in  the  mouth  and  then  insert- 
ing one  of  the  prongs  of  a  fork  and  holding  up  the 
mouth  to  the  height  desired  ;  the  other  man  is  seen 
standing  on  a  box  holding  a  bottle  so  that  the  contents 
will  slowly  flow  into  the  mouth  of  the  horse  to  be 
drenched.  One  or  two  warnings  must  be  given  here. 
Don't  drench  the  horse  through  the  nostrils.  If  the 
horse  gives  a  cough  while  being  drenched,  lower  the 
head  immediately.  Not  more  than  2  fluid  ounces  should 
be  placed  in  the  mouth  at  once  and  see  that  the  animal 
swallows  that  before  getting  another  two  ounces.  The 
throat  should  not  be  squeezed  to  make  the  animal 
swallow.  Don't  hold  the  tongue  while  drenching. 
Don't  be  in  too  much  hurry  to  get  the  bottle  or  drench- 
ing horn  emptied.  This  is  a  very  simple  way  of  giving 
bulky  medicines  that  are  in  a  liquid  state  and  the  most 
of  our  best  medicines  for  the  common  diseases  such  as 
colic,  chills  and  indigestion  can  only  be  given  in  this 
form.  Oatmeal  gruel  and  linseed  tea  or  milk  and  eggs 
for  nutriment  can  often  be  advantageously  given  by 
this  method.  In  lock-jaw  or  other  diseases  where 
drenching  is  not  practicable  the  medicines  may  be 
given  by  being  injected  into  the  rectum  with  the  syringe 
seen  in  Fig.  94.     Cows  may  be  drenched  by  having  an 


Pig.  94.    Syringe  for  reotal  injections, 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


195 


assistant  steady  the  head  by  holding  the  horn  and  nos- 
trils and  using  a  bottle  or  drenching  horn. 

Dogs  can  be  made  to  take  liquid  medicine  by  simply 
holding  the  mouth  open  and  allowing  it  to  drop  down- 
ward toward  the  gullet. 

Whenever  the  properties  of  the  medicines  will  allow 
it,  for  dogs  and  horses  their  administration  in  pill  form 
will  be  most  desirable  for  many  reasons.  The  reason 
that  this  is  not  more  commonly  done  in  the  case  of 
horses  is  the  fear  of  having  the  hand  crushed.  This 
can  be  very  readily  overcame  by  the  use  of  the  little 
instrument  seen  in  Fig.  95  called  a  "  mouth  speculum," 


Fig.  95.    Mouth  speculum. 


196  DISEASES     OF 

which  is  inexpensive  and  will  last  a  lifetime.  This 
should  be  placed  in  the  mouth,  the  tongue  held  with  the 
left  hand  and  the  ball  between  the  thumb  and  first  and 
second  fingers  of  the  right  hand  ;  this  should  now  be 
passed  back  through  the  round  opening  in  the  mouth 
speculum  toward  the  throat,  going  right  back  over  the 
tongue  and  leaving  the  ball  as  near  the  throat  as  pos- 
sible. After  trying  this  two  or  three  times  anyone  may 
become  proficient  and  rarely  make  a  mistake.  To  give 
pills  to  dogs  the  mouth  should  be  held  well  open  and 
the  pill  dropped  as  far  back  towards  the  throat  as  pos- 
sible and  the  mouth  closed  for  a  minute  or  two. 


titf 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS.  197 


TABLE  OF   DISEASES   AND  THEIR 
REMEDIES. 


Abortion. — Isolate  aborting  from  pregnant  animals 
Burn  or  bury  fetus  and  afterbirth. 

Abscess.—  Fomentations  of  hot  water  ;  poultices ; 
Heard's  American  Embrocation  ;  use  the  knife  as  early 
as  possible  to  evacuate  the  pus  after  which  inject  and 
dress  with  Heard's  Healing  Lotion. 

Actinomycosis. — Fatten  the  animal  and  send  to  the 
butcher  as  early  as  possible,  but  destroy  all  diseased 
parts. 

Anemia. — Tonics  ;  iron  and  arsenic,  gentian,  quinine, 
Heard's  Condition  Powders,  good  air;  clip  long  coated 
horses  ;  phosphate  of  lime  in  growing  animals.  Two 
ounces  of  linseed  oil  a  day  until  the  bowels  are  slightly 
relaxed. 

Anthrax. — Inoculation  with  attenuated  virus  as  a 
preventive.  Burn  or  bury  deeply  all  animals  that  die  of 
the  disease  and  remove  all  young  stock  from  the  same 
pasture.     Disinfect  freely  with  corrosive  sublimate. 

Aphtha — Thrush — Vesicles  in  mouth. — Wash  out 
mouth  three  times  a  day  with  a  solution  of  borax,  a 
teaspoonful  in  a  half  pint  of  water.  Give  lime  water  or 
solution  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  to  drink.  Mix  a  little 
linseed  with  bran  mashes  for  food. 


198  DISEASES  OF 

Apoplexy  parturient;  see  Milk  Fever. 

Arthritis — Inflammation  of  joints — Synovitis. — 

Hot  fomentations,  poultices  mixed  with  Heard's  American 
Embrocation,  perfect  rest;  Heard's  American  Embroca- 
tion well  rubbed  in  and  a  bandage  applied  to  cause  a 
blister.  Place  horse  in  slings  if  very  lame.  Internally: 
cathartic  ball ;  if  pain  is  very  great  a  half  a  bottle  of 
Heard's  Magic  Mixture  twice  a  day;  chloral. 

Ascarides ;  see  Worms. 

Asthma  in  horses;  see  broken  wind. 

Azoturia. — Aloes  cathartic  ball,  frequent  injections 
of  warm  water.  If  very  much  excited  give  a  bottle  of 
Heard's  Magic  Mixture.  Saltpetre  in  large  doses  three 
times  a  day.  Remove  urine  with  catheter,  apply  Heard's 
American  Embrocation  to  loins.  Place  animal  in  slings. 
Give  very  little  food  for  two  or  three  days. 

Black-leg. — Prevent  by  keeping  young  cattle  and 
sheep  out  of  infected  pastures.  Burn  or  deeply  bury 
all  animals  that  die  of  this  disease. 

Bladder  irritable. — Linseed  tea,  change  diet;  bi- 
carbonate of  soda,  iodide  of  potassium,  sulphate  of  iron. 

Bog  spavin.— -Rest ;  Heard's  American  Embrocation; 
high  heeled  shoe;  hot  fomentations  if  very  lame.  Truss 
in  young  animals. 

Boils  see  Abscess. 

Bots. — Heard's  Worm  Powders  as  directed  on  the 
box. 

Broken  wind — Heard's  Condition  Powders;  give 
only  a  small  quantity  of  hay;  allow  only  small  quantity 
of  water  immediately  before  hard  work. 

Bronchitis. — Keep  surface  of  body  warm  with  extra 
clothing  and  bandages.     Heard'd  American  Embrocation 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  199 

to  front  and  sides  of  chest  three  times  a  day.  Give 
following  ball;  quinine  1  dram,  nitrate  of  potash  4  drams, 
tartar  emetic  1  dram,  to  be  repeated  three  times  a  day 
until  the  fever  has  disappeared. 

Bruises. — Hot  water  fomentations,  the  application  of 
Heard's  American  Embrocation. 

Burns  and  Scalds. — Heard's  Healing  Lotion  ;  Vase- 
line ;  Lime  water. 

Capped  Hock. — Prevent  kicking  ;  Heard's  American 
Embrocation;  use  high-heeled  shoe ;  ointment  of  bini- 
odide  of  mercury. 

Capped  Elbow. — If  large  and  recent  evacuate  fluid 
from  bottom  surface  and  keep  open  until  healed  inside, 
dress  twice  a  day  by  injecting  a  little  of  Heard's  Healing 
Lotion.  The  application  of  Heard's  American  Embro- 
cation cures  slight  cases.  Prevent  the  horse  from 
lying  down  by  securing  to  a  high  ring  in  the  front  of 
the  stall  until  cured. 

Caries. — Remove  diseased  bone,  and  dress  with 
Heard's  Healing  Lotion  twice  a  day. 

Cataract. — Incurable  except  by  difficult  operation. 

Cerebro-spinal  Meningitis.— see  Spinal  Meningitis 

Choking. — External  pressure  over  the  obstruction  ; 
give  linseed  oil  ;  use  new  rope  or  probang. 

Colic  Flatulent. — Heard's  Magic  Mixture  ;  Injec- 
tions of  warm  water  and  soap  ;  tapping  abdominal  con- 
tents with  trochar ;  Hot  fomentations  long  continued 
to  abdomen,  bicarbonate  of  soda  in  solution. 

Colic — Spasmodic. — Heard's  Magic  Mixture,  injec- 
tions of  warm  water  and  soap  ;  hot  fomentations  to  ab- 
domen, application  of  Heard's  American  Embrocation, 
to  abdomen. 


200  DISEASES    OF 

Constipation. — Aloes  Cathartic  ball  ;  Linseed  oil ; 
Injections  of  warm  water  and  soap.     Give  soft  food. 

Corns  in  feet. — Apply  bar  shoe  ;  soak  feet  in  soak- 
ing tub  of  hot  water  for  4  hours  a  day  ;  blisters  to  coro- 
net ;  apply  Heard's  Hoof  Liniment  to  hoof  to  get  the 
horn  healthy. 

Cough. — Heard's  Condition  Powders  ;  restrict  the 
quantity  of  hay  to  less  than  8  lbs.  a  day.  Baking 
soda  in  the  drinking  water.  Clip  horses  with  long 
coats. 

Crib-biting. — Apply  strap  to  neck ;  use  iron  stall 
fittings;  apply  muzzle. 

Curb. — Heard's  American  Embrocation,  firing  and 
blistering  ;  high  heeled  shoe  ;  rest  while  lame. 

Debility. — Heard's  Tonic  Condition  Powders:  Sul- 
phate of  iron  ;  Fowlers'  solution,  quinine,  generous  diet 
that  is  easily  digested,  as  milk,  oatmeal  drinks  and  lin- 
seed tea. 

Diabetes. — Polyurea:  Bicarbonate  of  soda;  iron  and 
iodine.     Change  food. 

Diarrhea. — Bicarbonate  of  soda;  chalk;  gum  cate- 
chu; laudanum;  restrict  the  quantity  of  water,  when 
obstinate,  try  beef  tea,  milk  and  eggs. 

Dislocations. — Replace  bones  in  their  natural  posi- 
tion. Retain  in  place  by  splints,  bandages  and  blisters. 
Reduce  surrounding  inflammation  by  hot  fomentations 
and  Heard's  American  Emrrocation.  Sling  if  neces- 
sary. 

Distemper. — See  Influenza. 

Dropsy. — Nitrate  of  potash  in  large  doses,  hot  fo- 
mentations, and  scarifications  with  a  lancet.  Allow 
very  little  food  until  recovery  is  advanced.     As  soon  as 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  201 

kidneys  act  briskly  give  iron  and  the  vegetable  tonics  : 
Heard's  Condition  Powders. 

Eczema. — Heard's  Dermal  Liniment;  Extract  of 
witch-hazel;  solution  of  borax;  infusion  of  arnica  root; 
glycerine,     Internally,     Heard's     Condition    Powders. 

Emphysema. — This  is  a  swelling  filled  with  a  gas. 
Puncture,  hot  fomentations,  Heard's  American  Embroca- 
tion. 

Emphysema  of  Lungs. — See  Broken  Wind. 

Epizootic. — See  Influenza. 

Erysipelas.  —Use  Heard's  Healing  Lotion  locally 
and  poultices  where  practicable,  also  hot  fomentations. 
Internally,  stimulants  and  tonics. 

Farcy — See  Glanders. 

Fever. — Quinine  in  large  doses  ;  nitrate  of  potash, 
alcohol ;  keep  on  very  low  diet  until  the  high  tempera- 
ture has  disappeared. 

Fistula. — Lay  open  sinus  with  knife  or  iron  heated 
to  a  white  heat ;  insert  seton,  dress  with  Heard's  Healing 
Lotion  ;  prevent  the  animal  from  rubbing  or  other- 
wise irritating  it.  Inject  strong  solution  of  corrosive 
sublimate,  when  obstinate,  slough  out  walls  of  sinus 
with  plug  of  corrosive  sublimate. 

Fleas. — Heard's  Mange  Cure;  Persian  insect  powder, 
pine  saw-dust  bed  for  dogs. 

Foot  rot  in  Sheep. — Eemove  loose  horn  ;  powdered 
sulphate  of  zinc  dressings,  strong  bichloride  of  mercury 
solution,  dress  feet  at  least  three  times  a  week. 

Founder. — See  Laminitis. 

Fractures. — See  Index. 

Frost  bites. — See  Scratches. 

Garget. — See  Mammitis. 


202  DISEASES     OF 

Glanders  and  Farcy. — Destroy  animal  and  isolate 
all  suspected  cases,  and  report  to  local  health  authori- 
ties.   This  disease  is  also  dangerous  to  man. 

Hematuria. — Salts  of  iron,  iodide  of  potassium,  bi- 
carbonate of  soda,  arsenic,  injections  of  warm  water  and 
soap,  Heard's  Condition  Powders,  feed  on  good  nu- 
tritious diet. 

Hemorrhage. — Apply  bandages  where  practicable, 
oakum  soaked  in  strong  bichloride  of  mercury  solu- 
tions, extract  of  witch-hazel,  opium,  continuous  pres- 
sure in  the  neighborhood  of  the  wound.  Actual  cautery. 

Hernia. — Treated  by  operations  an  I  bandages  where 
recent. 

Hydrophobia.— See  Rabies. 

Indigestion. — Soda  bicarbonate,  iodide  of  potassium 
tartar  emetic,  calomel,  injections  of  warm  water  and 
soap.  Heard's  Condition  Powders.  If  pain  is  present 
give  Heard's  Magic  Mixture. 

Inflammation. — Internally.  Small  doses  of  aconite, 
in  the  early  stage,  bleeding  in  acute  cases,  belladonna, 
tartar  emetic,  cathartics,  nitrate  of  potash. 

Externally.  Hot  fomentations  followed  by  Heard's 
American  Embrocation. 

Influenza. — Internal;  quinine,  nitrate  of  potash, 
antipyrine,  acetanelid,  chlorate  of  potash,  whiskey;  ex- 
ternal, Heard's  American  Embrocation  to  the  throat, 
plenty  of  warm  clothing  and  bandages  to  the  legs. 
Diet ;  good  nourishing  food  as  milk,  linseed  tea,  small 
quantity  of  oats  when  the  temperature  becomes  nearly 
normal. 

Laminitis. — Internally  ;  Barbadoes  aloes,  nitrate  of 
potash,  tartar  emetic,  salicylate  of  soda.  Externally 
Remove  shoes,  soak  feet  in  a  soaking  tub  full  of  hot 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  203 

water,  apply  poultices  to  feet; if  chronic,  blister  coronet, 
subsequently  apply  bar  shoe. 

Lampas. — Scarify  with  lancet,apply  astringent  lotion. 

Laryngitis. — See  Sore  throat. 

Lice. — Heakd's  Mange  Cure,  tobacco  water,  cleanli- 
ness. 

Lock-jaw. — Large  doses  of  cathartics  and  nitrate  of 
potash,  chloral,  keep  patient  perfectly  quiet,  blisters  to 
spine. 

Lung  fever. — See  Pneumonia. 

Lymphangitis — Give  cathartic  ball,  chlorate  of  pot- 
ash, bicarbonate  of  soda.  Externally,  hot  fomentations 
followed  by  Heard's  American  Embrocation.  After  two 
or  three  days  give  gentle  exercise  and  Heard's  Condition 
Powders. 

Mammitis. — Hot  fomentations  and  poultices  to  ud- 
der, followed  by  Heard's  American  Embrocation,  milk  3 
or  4  times  a  day.  Internally;  cathartic  medicine.  Give 
very  little  food  in  the  active  stages  of  the  disease. 

Mange  — Wash  and  apply  Heard's  Mange  Cure  as 
directed.     Internally.     Heard's  Condition  Powders. 

Milk  Fever. — Bleeding,  large  dose  of  epsom  salts, 
ergot,  cold  pack  to  spine,  aconite,  belladonna,  chloral, 
aloes,  spirits  nitre,  whiskey. 

Moon  Blindness. — Cathartic  medicine,  chloride  of 
ammonium,  calomel.  Application  to  eye  of  Heard's 
Moon  Eye  Lotion. 

Mud  Fever. — Internal.  Cathartic  medicine;  bicar- 
bonate of  soda;  followed  by  Heard's  Condition  Powders. 


204  DISEASES  OF 

External.  Heard's  Healing  Lotion;  poultices  of  linseed 
meal. 

Navicular  Disease. — Remove  shoes;  rest;  soaking 
feet  in  cold  water;  cold  water  swabs:  blisters  to  coronet; 
neurotomy. 

Necrosis. — Remove  dead  bone;  application  of 
Heard's  Healing  Lotion. 

Open  Joints. — Internal.  Cathartics  and  nitrate  of 
potash,  tartar  emetic.  External,  rest;  hot  fomentations 
and  poultices  and  antiseptic  injections,  cold  water  irri- 
gation; blister. 

Ophthalmia. — See  Moon-blindness. 

Over-reach. — Hot  fomentations;  poultices;  Heard's 
American  Embrocation. 

Paralysis. — Strychnia;  potassium  iodide;  sulphate 
of  iron;  friction  to  the  spine  and  an  application  of 
Heard's  American  Embrocation  ;    easily   digested  food. 

Palpitation  of  Heart. — Belladonna;  aconite;  digi- 
talis. 

Peritonitis. — Local  hot  fomentation;  poultices:  ap- 
plication of  Heard's  American  Ebrocation.  Internally; 
aconite;  chloral;  opium;  colomel;  digitalis;  injections 
of  warm  water  in  the  rectum. 

Pharyngitis. — See  Sore  Throat. 

Periostitis. — Rest;  hot  fomentations  and  the  appli- 
cation of  Heard's  American  Embrocation;  cathartic  ball. 

Pleurisy. — Internal.  Calomel;  tartar  emetic ;  nitrate 
of  potash;  digitalis;  nux  vomica;  bleeding.  Externally; 
applications  to  the  sides  of  mustard  made  into  a  paste 
by  the  addition  of  Heard's  American  Emrocation  ;  poul- 
tices to  chest;  plenty  of  surface  clothings 

Pneumonia. — Quinine;  whiskey;  calomel,  nitrate  of 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  205 

potash  ;  linseed  oil  in  4  oz.  doses  if  the  bowels  are  cos- 
tive; camphor,  plenty  of  drinking  water  ;  if  much  de- 
bility, give  milk  diet ;  enemas  of  warm  water  3  times  a 
day;  the  application  of  Heard's  American  Embrocation  3 
times  a  day  to  the  chest  and  sides.  Heard's  Condition 
Powders  to  build  up  the  system  when  recovering. 

Pumiced  foot. — see  page  141. 

Purpura  Hemorrhagica. — Nitrate  of  Potash;  sul- 
phate of  iron;  sulphate  of  soda;  calomel;  ergot;  spirits 
of  turpentine;  whiskey;  application  of  hot  fomentations; 
diluted  embrocation;  plenty  of  fresh  air;  milk  diet;  in- 
jections of  hot  water  if  bowels  are  costive. 

Quittor. — Lay  sinus  open  and  allow  perfectly  free 
drainage;  inject  carbolic  acid  solution  twice  daily. 

Rabies. — Pasteur  inoculations  with  attenuated  virus 
as  a  preventive. 

Rheumatism. — Internally, Salicylate  of  soda;  calomel; 
tartar  emetic;  colchicum;  nitrate  of  potash;  bicarbonate 
of  potash  ;  antipyrin ;  when  chronic ;  quinine ;  arsenic  ; 
Heard's  Condition  Powders.  Externally,  Heard's  Amer- 
ican Embrocation;  hot  fomentations;  poultices;  blisters. 

Ringbone. — In  early  stages  Heard's  American  Embro- 
cation; firing  and  blistering. 

Ringworm. — Disinfect  brushes,  clothing,  harness, 
and  articles  that  come  in  contact  with  the  parts  affected. 
Heard's  Mange  Cure  ;  tincture  of  iodine. 

Roaring. — To  relieve  distressed  breathing  after  vio- 
lent exercise  give  Heard's  Condition  Powders. 

Spinal  Meningitis. — Place  in  slings;  linseed  oil; 
hypo-sulphite  of  soda;  nitrate  of  potash;  muriate  of  am- 
monia; injections;  mustard  blister  to  spine. 

Saddle  Galls. — Apply  properly  fitting  saddles  and  if 
the  skin  is  broken  Heard's  Healing  Lotion.     If  skin 


206  DISEASES   OF 

is  swollen  and  inflamed  and  not  broken  apply  diluted 
Embrocation  one  part  to  4  of  water. 

Scab  in  Sheep. — Blue  Mercurial  ointment  or  the 
sheep  dip  recommended  in  the  article  on  Scab. 

Side  bone. — Kest;  fire  aud  blister. 
1    Sore      shins. — Rest;    hot    fomentations;     Heard's 
American  Embrocation.     Cathartic  ball. 

Sore  throat. — Poultices  to  throat;  Heard's  American 
Embrocation;  nitrate  of  potash;  camphor;  swab  inside 
of  throat  with  solution  of  chlorate  of  potash.  Tar  and 
licorice  paste  on  tongue. 

Spavin-bone. — Fire  and  blister. 

Spavin-bog. — Heard's  American  Embrocation. 

Splint. — When  causing  lameness,  fire  and  blister  and 
rest. 

Speedycut. — Hot  fomentations;  Heard's  American 
Embrocation;  open  abscesses  if  they  are  formed;  lessen 
the  quantity  of  work. 

Sprains. — Hot  fomentations;  Heard's  American  Em- 
brocation ;  if  back  tendons  are  sprained,  use  shoe 
with  very  high  heel  calks. 

Staggers. — Bleeding;  cathartic  ball;  Heard's  Condi- 
tion Powders. 

Strangles. — External.  Poultices  to  throat  and 
swellings;  Heard's  American  Embrocation;  open  ab- 
scess when  ripe.     Internal  same  as  for  Influenza. 

Synovitis. — See  Open  Joint. 

Tetanus. — See  Lock  Jaw. 

Thoroughpin. — Dr.  Heard's  American  Embrocation; 
firing  and  blistering, 

Thrush  in  Feet. — Heard's  Healing  Powders.  Ca- 
thartic ball. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  207 

Udder. — Inflammation  of.  Hot  fomentations; 
Heard's  American  Embrocation;  if  abscess  forms  it 
must  be  opened. 

Uterus. — Inflammation  of.  Woolen  clothes  wrung 
out  in  hot  water,  and  placed  under  abdomen  and  over 
the  loins  followed  by  application  of  Heard's  American 
Embrocation.    Cathartic  medicine. 

Warts. — Remove  with  knife  or  ligature. 

Windgalls. — Heard's  American  Embrocation  and 
bandages. 

Worms. — Dr.  Heard's  Worm  Powders. 

Wounds. — Heard's  Healing  Lotion;  bandages;  and 
touch  proud  flesh  with  sulphate  of  zinc. 


208 


DISEASES    OF 


TABLE  OF  MEDICINES  AND  THEIR 
DOSES. 

The  doses  given  are  for  an  ordinary  sized  horse  of 
three  years  old  and  upwards.  Under  three  years,  the 
dose  will  have  to  be  lessened  according  to  the  age,  de- 
creasing the  dose  so  that  from  1 J  to  3  years,  the  quantity 
should  be  about  one-half  ;  from  9  to  18  months,  £  the 
dose  mentioned. 


Acacia  gum,  2  to  6  oe. 

Acetanilid,  y2  to  2  drams. 

Acid  Acetic  (dilated)  1  to  3  oz. 

Acid  Arsenious  (Arsenic)  2  to  8  grs. 

Acid  Boracic,  1  to  3  dr. 

Acid  Carbolic,  K  to  1>£  dr. 

Acid  Hydrochloric,  (dil.)  1  to  3  dr. 

Acid  Tannic  %  to  1  J£  dr. 

Aconite  (Tincture)  20  drops  to  1  dr. 

Aconitine  ^  to  1  gr. 

Aether  (Sulphuric)  1  to  W%  oz. 

Aether  Nitrous  (Spirits  of  Nitre.  % 

to  3  ozs. 
Alcohol  1  to  3  ozs. 
Aloes  (barbadoes)  4  to  8  drs. 
Aloin   %  to  2  dr. 
Alum  Sulphate  2  to  5  drs. 
Ammonia :  Aromatic  spirits  yz  to 

l^OZB. 

Ammonia  Chloride  2  to  6  drs. 
Anise  Seed  K  to  1>£  ozs. 
Antimony:  Black  1  to  3  drs. 
Antipyrine  K  to  3  drs. 
Antif  ebrine  K  to  3  drs. 
Areca  Nut  y2toiy2  ozs. 
Arsenic  2  to  8  grs. 
Atropine  sulphate  K  to  2  grs. 


Belladonna  (extract)  K  to  iys  drs. 

Borax  2  to  6  drs. 

Bicarbonate  of  Soda  1  to  8  drs. 

Calomel  %  to  4  drs." 

Camphor  1  to  4  drs. 

Cantharides  2  to  15  grs. 

Capsicum  10  to  30  grs. 

Caraway  seeds  2  to  8  drs. 

Carbolic  acid  ^  to  IK  drs. 

Carbonate  of  Ammonia  yz  to  3  drs. 

Carbonate  of  Iron  1  to  4  drs. 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia  1  to  6  drs. 

Cascara  Segrada  20  to  40  grs. 

Catechu  1  to  8  drs. 

Chalk  2  to  8  drs. 

Chloral  Hydrate  %  to  2  ozs. 

Chloroform  >£  to  1  oz. 

Chlorate  of  Potash  ^  to  1  oz 

Colchicum  %  to  3  drs. 

Cod  Liver  Oil  1  to  4  ozs. 

Croton  Oil  5  to  20  drops. 

Copper  Sulphate  %,  to  2  drs. 

Cream  of  Tartar  1  to  4  ozs. 

Creolin  1  to  4  drs. 

Digitalin  )i  to  1  gr. 

Digitalis  K  to  2  drs. 

Elaterium  10  to  SO  grs. 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Ergot  %  to  1  OZ. 

Eserine  Sulphate  %  to  3  grs. 

Ether  Sulphuric  K  to  1  oz. 

Fenegerio  }£  to  1  oz. 

Fowlers  Solution  >£  to  1  oz. 

Gentian  2  to  8  drs. 

Ginger  1  to  1  drs. 

Glycerine  1  to  4  ozs. 

Hyoscymus  Extract  1>£  to  4  drs. 

Hyoscymine  1  to  3  grs. 

Iodine  10  to  30  grs. 

Iodide  of  Iron  1  to  3  drs. 

Iodide  of  Potash  ^  to  2  drs. 

Ipecacuanha  1  to  2.  drs. 

Jaborandi  %  to  1  oz. 

Jalap  %  to  2  ozs. 

Eino  1  to  3  drs. 

Linseed  Oil  4  oz  to  1  quart. 

Liquor  Arsenicalis  X  to  1  oz. 

Magnesia  Sulphate  U  to  Y*  lb. 

Morphine  3  to  10  grs. 

Nicotine  2  to  6  grs. 

Nitre  (Saltpetre)  )£  to  2  ozs. 

Nux  Vomica  20  to  60  grs. 

Opium  powdered  1  to  2  drs. 

14 


Pepsin  X  to  2  drs. 
Phosphorous  K  to  2  grs. 
Phenacetin  2  to  4  drs. 
Peppermint  Oil  15  to  30  drops. 
Pilocarpine  2  to  5  grs. 
Podophylin  10  to  30  grs. 
Potash  Nitrate  (Saltpetre)  H  to  2  ozs. 
Potash  Bromide  of  2  to  6  drs. 
Potash  Iodide  %  to  2  dis. 
Prussic  Acid  (diluted)  K  to  1  dr. 
Quinine  K  to  3  drs. 
Resin  ^  to  1  oz. 
Rhubarb  %  to  1  oz. 
Santonin  10  to  40  grs. 
Salicylic  Acid  1  to  3  drs. 
Salicylate  of  soda  1  to  4  drs. 
Strychnia  %  to  3  grs. 
Tartar  Emetic  %  to  6  drs. 
Turpentine  Spirits  V%  to  2  ozs. 
Tincture  of  Aconite  20  drops  to  1  dr. 
Tincture  of  Opium    Laudanum)  yx 

to2ozp. 
Tincture  of  Belladonna  14  to2ocs. 
Valerian  Root  2  to  12  drs. 


• ;  i 


DR.  HEARD'S  preparations  all  keep  perfectly 
good  for  any  length  of  time. 

All  questions  relating  to  the  use  of  these  medicines 
will  be  cheerfully  answered  by  mail.  In  fact,  Dr. 
Heard  wishes  his  patrons  to  communicate  with  him 
whenever  they  are  in  doubt  about  the  treatment  of  any 
given  case. 

If  your  Harness  or  Drug  store  does  not  keep  a 
supply  on  hand  it  is  because  they  wish  to  run  off  an 
inferior  preparation  on  which  they  reap  a  larger  profit, 
but  remember  that  it  always  pays  the  consumer  to  buy 
the  best. 

Dr.  Heard  will  ship  his  preparations  to  any  address 
on  receipt  of  the  advertised  price,  with  a  liberal  dis- 
count on  large  orders. 

Local  Agents  wanted  everywhere  for  Dr.  Heard's 
Books  and  Veterinary  Preparations. 


iictidieix:. 


Page. 

Abortion 25 

"        causes  of 27 

Abscess 149 

"        of  jaw 72 

Actinomycossi 78 

Administration  of  medicines 193 

Afterbirth 30 

Anchylosis  of  joints  . 15 

"        of  hock  joint 15 

Arthritis 80 

Ascarides 186 

Bar-shoe 141 

Big  head  in  cattle 78 

"       "    in  horses 131 

Billings  on  Abortion 25 

Bladder,  catarrh  of  the 125 

"        stone  in  the 126 

Bleeding,  to  stop 142 

Blood,  death  of 131 

Boils 149 

Bones  of  old  animals 75 

Bots 184 

Breaking  of  colts 43 

Breathing,  normal .......,.,,.,  107 


212  INDEX. 

Breeding 9 

aim  of 10 

"         general  principles  of 12 

"        valuable  rule  for 14 

Broken  wind 112 

"            "      inherited ...  16 

Bronchitis , 106 

"         sounds  in 108 

Bruising , 152 

Calculi  in  the  bladder 126 

Capped  elbow 151 

hock 151 

Carriage  horses 50 

Cataract,  inherited 16 

Cenurus  cerebralis 190 

Chigoe 176 

Choking 113 

Climate,  influence  on  breeding 24 

Clipping 55 

Colic,  flatulent 117 

"      spasmodic 119 

Colt  breaking 43 

Colt  ill 87 

Consumption 96 

Contagious  diseases 87 

Contracted  heels 156 

Corns 161 

Cough  of  sore  throat 103 

Cracked  heels 147 

Curb 153 

"    inherited 16 

Day  William 25  &  51 

Pelwarts  truss , . ,  33 


INDEX.  213 

Diabetes 123 

Diarrhoea 121 

M        inherited 17 

Diseases 57 

"        and  remedies,  table  of 197 

"       contagious 87 

of  bones 58 

"        in  joints 80 

Dislocation  of  joints 83 

of  patella 83 

reduction  of 85 

Distemper 87 

Distoma  hepaticum 187 

Dog  tapeworm 191 

Drop  sole 141 

Drugs  and  their  doses 208 

Eczema 150 

Electioneer 13 

Epizootic 87 

Eye  diseases ,  136 

Farcy 100 

Feet,  fever  in 138 

"     imperfections  of 17 

"    large  (inherited) 18 

"    management  of 155 

"    of  ancestors  of  the  horse 154 

"     small  (inherited) 17 

"    wounds  of 14G 

Fetus,  presentation  of 34 

Fistula 148 

Fits 134 

Flatulent  colic 117 


214  INDEX. 

Fleas 175 

Flies 174 

Foaling 29 

Food 52 

"    cooking 53 

Foot 153 

"    testing  for  soundness 1G1 

"     with  convex  sole 141 

Founder 138 

Fractures 71 

"        of  the  lower  jaw 71 

of  ilium 74 

"        of  bones  of  limbs 75 

Frost-bites 147 

Gad-fly 185 

Germ  of  lock-jaw 98 

Gid  in  sheep 190 

Glanders 100 

Granulations 145 

Grooming 54 

Hackney 11 

Hambletonian,  Rysdyks 13 

Healing  of  wounds 144 

Heart-beats 107 

Heart  disease 135 

Heaves 112 

Hemorrnage 142 

"          inherited 17 

Heredity,, 12 

Horse-ail 87 

Hose  in  lambs 189 

Inflammation  of  the  lungs ».*.»»»•  106 


mt)E%.  215 

Influenza 87 

Inversion  of  uterus 31 

Itch 180 

Jigger 176 

Joints,  anchylosis  of,  inherited 15 

"      diseases  of 80 

"      inflammation  of 80 

"      open 82 

"      tuberculosis  of 97 

Kidney,  diseases  of 123 

Knee  action,  loss  of :  „ 55 

Laminae,  folds  of 139 

Laminitis 138 

Lehndorff 22 

Lice 178 

Liver  disease ....„■ 122 

Liver  fluke 187 

Lock-jaw 97 

Lump-jaw 78 

Lung  fever 106 

Lung  worm 189 

Lymphangitis 128 

Management  of  horses 52 

stable 52 

food 52 

Mange 180 

Measles  form  of  influenza 91 

"       "         "        treatment  of 96 

Medicines,  giving  to  horses 193 

Medicines  and  their  doses 208 

Molar  teeth 165 

Monstrosities 38 


216  INDEX. 

Moon-blindness « 137 

Moon-eye 137 

Mosquitoes 174 

Mouth-speculum 169 

"            examination  of 169 

Navicular  disease,  inherited 18 

Nervous  organization 23 

Normal  presentation 34 

Oedema,  inflammatory 128 

Open  joints 82 

Ophthalmia — constitutional 137 

inherited 18 

Ossification  of  lateral  cartilages 70 

Ostitis,  inherited 19 

Oxyuris 186 

Palo  Alto 13 

Parasites 170 

Parturition 29 

"            symptoms  of 29 

Patella,  dislocation  of 83 

Pink-eye 87 

"        treatment  of 95 

Pin  worm 186 

Placenta 30 

Pleurisy Ill 

Pneumonia 106 

Polyurea 124 

Pregnancy,  duration  of 28 

Prepotency 13 

Presentation,  normal 34 

"            in  normal  twin  pregnancy 34 

Presentation,  fore  limbs  bent  at  knee 39 


INDEX  217 

Presentation,  fore  limbs  bent  back  under 40 

Presentation,  head  turned  back 41 

hind  feet 35 

hock 42 

Proud  flesh 145 

Pulse 107 

Punctured  foot  a  cause  of  lock-jaw. 98 

Purpura  hemorrhagica 131 

Quarter  crack 162 

Ring  bone 67 

inherited 20 

Rickets  inherited.. 19 

Ringworm 171 

Rheumatism 126 

in  limbs 127 

"          inherited 19 

Roaring 105 

"      inherited. 20 

Roberge's  spring  for  the  cure  of  contraction . .  159 

Rysdyks  hambletonian 13 

Scab  in  sheep 180 

"    treatment  for 183 

Scours 121 

Scratches 147 

Shoe  boil 151 

Shoe  for  convex  sole 141 

Shoe,  expanding,  for  contraction 160 

Side  bone 70 

11      inherited 20 

Side  lines 49 

Skin,  inflammation  of 150 

Sleepy  staggers 115 


218  index. 

Slings 77 

Sore  shins 58 

"        inherited 19 

Sore  throat ■ 103 

Spasmodic  colic 119 

Spavin,  bone 62 

inherited 20 

Speedy-cut 152 

Splints 60 

Sprains 151 

Stable 52 

Staggers 134 

inherited 21 

Stomach   staggers 115 

Stone  in  the  bladder 126 

Stoppage   of  the  bowels 121 

Strains 151 

Strongylus  filaria 189 

Sutures  for  wounds 143 

Tapping,  operation  of 118 

Tearing  the  clothing,  remedy  for 54 

Teeth 164 

"    cutting 164 

"    growth  and  wear , 168 

"    molar 165 

"    needing  filing 166 

"    ulceration  of 169 

Temper,  inherited 22 

Temperature  of  the  horse 107 

Tenia  cenurus  or  dog  tapeworm 191 

Tetanus 97 

Thermometer,  manner  of  using 108 


INDEX  219 

Thread  worm 186 

Throwing  horses ....    - 49 

Ticks 177 

Tips 162 

Tooth  rasp 167 

Tracheaotomy 93 

tube 94 

Training  of  colts 43 

Tuberculosis. 96 

Tumors  of  skin 149 

Twin  pregnancy 34 

Urination  profuse 124 

Uterus,  inversion  of 31 

"    twisted 37 

Variation 23 

Warts 149 

Water  bag 39 

Weed 128 

Wind  colic 117 

Windgalls 153 

Wolfs  teeth 164 

Worms 184 

Wounds 142 


APPENDIX. 

HOW    TO    OBTAIN    ADVICE    ON    ANY 

DISEASE  WHERE  THE  SERVICES  OF 

A  VETERINARIAN  ARE  DIFFICULT 

TO   OBTAIN. 

11  the  animal  is  sick  give  the  details  of  symptoms  in 
answer  to  the  following  questions  : 

What  species  of  animal? 

Ma'e  or  female? 

AgV? 

How  long  sick  ? 

Is  appetite  good  or  bad  ? 

What  kind  of  labor  has  it  been  used  at  ? 

How  many  respirations  (times  of  breathing)  in  a 
minute  ? 

Is  there  any  cough  and  if  so  how  long  have  you 
noticed  it  ? 

Does  the  animal  drink  the  average  quantity  of  water  ? 

Are  the  bowels  working  all  right  ? 

If  you  have  a  thermometer  take  the  temperature  of 
the  patient  and  report  the  same. 

Are  there  any  swellings  on  any  part  of  the  animal, 
and  if  so,  where  ? 

Have  you  examined  the  mouth  and  found  anything 
wrong  with  the  teeth  ? 

How  has  the  animal  been  fed  for  the  past  three 
months?  and  describe  fully  any  other  symptoms  that 
may  be  noticeable,  and  enclose  one  dollar  addressed  to 

DR.   J.  M.    HEARD,   Jl.R.C.V.S. 

119  West  56th  St.,  New  York  City, 

N.   Y. 


APPENDIX. 

TO  GET  ADVICE  ON   LAMENESS   SEND 
FULL  ANSWERS  TO  THE  FOL- 
LOWING QUESTIONS. 

Age  of  horse  ? 

How  long  lame  and  in  which  limb  ? 

Do  you  notice  any  swelling,  and  if  so  where? 

Did  you  first  notice  the  animal  lame  while  at  work  or 
when  being  taken  out  of  the  stable  ? 

Does  the  animal  get  better  or  worse  when  exercised  ? 

Is  it  more  noticeable  when  going  up  or  down  hill  ? 

Is  there  any  tenderness  on  pressing  any  part  of  the 
limb,  and  if  so,  at  what  part  ? 

How  has  the  horse  been  managed  since  you  first 
noticed  the  lameness  ? 

Has  any  treatment  been  applied  to  get  rid  of  the 
disease  and  if  so,  what  ? 


By  forwarding  answers  to  the  above  questions, 
and  enclosing  One  Dollar  addressed  to 

DR.   J.  M.  HEARD,    M.R.C.V.S. 

up  West  56th  St.,  New  York  City. 

N.  Y. 

Advice  as  to  the  best  method  of  treatment  will  be 
forwarded  by  return  mail. 


APPENDIX. 


I 


4      -2 

■ 

I 

a 

E 


W 


Month  Speculum. 


APPENDIX. 


INSTRUMENTS  THAT  ARE  ABSOLUTELY 

NECESSARY  TO  ALL  STOCK 

OWNERS. 

One  of  the  most  serviceable  of  all  instruments  is  the 
Syringe  seen  on  the  opposite  page  ;  it  is  in  frequent 
demand  for  giving  injections  of  warm  water  and  soap 
in  a  great  many  diseases.  The  price  of  this  syringe, 
which  holds  36  ounces  is  $3.50. 

Thermometer. — This  is  a  very  important  instrument 
for  taking  the  animal's  temperature  and  is  a  great  aid 
in  making  a  diagnosis.  Before  using,  see  that  the  top 
of  the  column  of  mercury  is  below  the  figure  100.  Now 
place  thermometer  in  the  rectum,  bulb  end  first,  and 
allow  it  to  remain  in  four  minutes,  remove  the  thermom- 
eter and  observe  the  height  of  the  column  of  mer- 
cury and  that  will  indicate  the  temperature  of  the  ani- 
mal. The  price  of  a  good  self -registering  thermometer 
is  $1.50.     The  cheaper,  ones  all  have  some  defect. 

Trochar. — The  use  of  this  instrument  is  explained 
on  pages  118  and  119.     The  price  is  $2.25. 

The  Mouth  Speculum  is  used  to  keep  the  mouth 
open  for  the  purpose  of  passing  back  the  hand  towards 
the  throat  to  give  balls  to  horses  or  to  allow  of  a  ready 
examination  of  the  back  teeth.     The  price  is  $1.00. 

The  Tooth  Rasp  is  the  instrument  used  for  filing  off 
the  sharp  edges  or  points  which  frequently  project  from 
the  molar  or  back  teeth  as  explained  on  page  167.    The 


APPENDIX. 


price  is  $2.25  and  25  cents  each  for  new  file  blades 
to  replace  the  file  when  it  is  worn  out  By  sending  the 
price  of  any  of  those  instruments  either  together  or 
separately  with  an  order  describing  which  instruments 
are  required  they  will  be  immediately  forwarded  to  the 
nearest  express  office.  The  thermometer  and  trochar 
may  be  sent  by  mail  if  requested  when  six  cents  in 
stamps  should  be  added  to  the  price  as  given  above. 

The  five  instruments  will  be  forwarded  to  any  address 
on  receipt  of  $10.00. 

Address  all  communications  to 

DR.  J.  M.  HEARD,  up  West  56th  St., 

NEW  YORK  CITY. 


DR.  HtARD'S  AMERICAN 

Fmbrocatio^" 


For  All  Animals. 


This  is  absolutely  the  best  Liniment  for  all  pur- 
poses where  a  stimulant  is  required  for  external  use. 
It  is  exceedingly  valuable  in  Sore  Throats,  Rheumatism, 
Distemper,  Bronchitis,  Sprains,  Splints  when  the  horse 
is  lame,  Windgalls,  Capped  hock,  Capped  elbow,  Curbs, 
Blood  spavins  and  all  kinds  of  lameness. 

PRICE  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  BOTTLE. 

May  be  obtained  at  all  Harness  and  Drug  Stores,  or 
sent  by  express  to  any  part  of  the  United  States  or 
Canada  on  receipt  of  price. 

Address  all  communications  to 

DR.  J.   M.    HEARD,  H.R.C.V.S. 

119  West  56th  Street,      NEW  YORK  CITY,  N.  Y. 


DR.    HEARD'S 


Magic  Colic  Mixture 

For   Horses   and   Cattle. 


This  mixture  is  unequalled  as  a  remedy  for  Colic, 
Chills,  Inflammation  of  the  bowels,  Gripes,  Indigestion, 
"Wind  Colic,  Staggers,  all  Liver  and  Stomach  com- 
plaints, Kidney  and  Bladder  diseases  and  all  Bowel 
derangements. 

No  stock  owner  should  be  without  a  supply  of  this 
medicine  as  it  has  saved  the  lives  of  thousands  of  ani- 
mals and  keeps  its  strength  for  any  length  of  time. 

Price  one  Dollar  per  bottle  and  may  be  obtained  at 
all  Harness  and  Drug  stores. 

"Will  be  forwarded  to  any  address  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  on  receipt  of  price. 

Address 

DR.  J.  M.   HEARD,  M.  R.  C.V.S. 

119   WEST    56TH    STREET, 

NEW   YORK   CITY,   N.   Y. 


DR.  J.   M.   HEARD'S 

SPECIFIC  HEALING  LOTION 

For  Wounds  of  all  kinds  in  all  animals  especially 

SCRATCHES. 

This  preparation  heals  all  kinds  of  Cuts,  soft  Corns 
in  horse's  feet,  abscesses  after  being  opened,  Saddle 
and  Collar  galls  where  the  skin  is  broken,  Sores  under 
the  jaw  in  colt  distemper,  Scratches,  which  is  such  a 
dreaded  Winter  disease  and  wounds  of  whatever  de- 
scription in  shorter  time  and  with  less  suppuration 
formation  of  pus  than  with  the  application  of  any  other 
substance. 

Price  fifty  cents  and  one  dollar  per  bottle. 

For  sale  by  all  Harness  and  Drug  stores  and  sent 
to  any  address  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  on 
receipt  of  price. 

Address 

DR.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.  R.C.V.S. 

119  WEST    56TH   STREET, 

NEW   YORK   CITY,  N.    Y. 


DR.  J.  M.  HEARD'S 

Condition  Powders 

As  a  remedy  for  Debility,  Constipation,  Anemia, 
Kheumatism,  Chronic  Cough,  Roaring,  Broken  "Wind, 
Heaves,  Dyspepsia  and  Indigestion,  this  preparation 
has  no  equal.  And  for  a  general  Tonic  and  giving 
horses  a  good  glossy  coat  with  a  tendency  to  put  on 
flesh  rapidly  these  Powders  are  unsurpassed  in  value. 

Sold  in  tin  cans  in  which  they  keep  perfectly  good 
— containing  enough  Powders  for  30  doses  for  a  full 
grown  horse. 

Price  one  dollar  per  can. 

Sold  by  all  Harness  and  Drug  stores  and  sent  free 
to  any  address  in  the  United  States  on  receipt  of  price. 

Address 

DR.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.R.C.V.S. 

119   WEST    56TH   STREET, 
NEW   YORK   CITY,   N.  Y. 


DR    J.  M.   HEARD'S 


WORM  POWDERS 


These  worm  Powders  have  been  successfully  used 
for  many  years  past  as  a  safe  and  sure  remedy  for  all 
kinds  of  Worms  especially  those  described  on  pages 
185-186-187  in  this  book. 

Price  one  dollar  per  box. 

For  sale  by  all  Harness  and  Drug  stores  and  sent 
free  on  receipt  of  price  to  any  address  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

Address 

DR.  J.  M-  HEARD,  M.R.C.V.S. 

119  WEST  56TH  STREET, 
NEW   YORK  CITY,  N.  Y. 

When  ordering  from  Harness  or  Drug  stores  either 
wholesale  or  retail,  be  sure  and  specify  by  name  Dr. 
Heard's  preparations  to  prevent  the  sending  by  them 
of  inferior  imitations  of  Dr.  Heard's  medicines. 


DR.  J.  M.  HEARD'S 


Dermal  Liniment 


This  is  a  stimulating  Liniment  used  to  cure  pimples, 
blotches,  bites  and  stings  of  reptiles,  eczema,  col- 
lar and  saddle  galls  where  the  skin  is  not  broken,  and 
to  prevent  chills  after  exposure  to  severe  cold,  or  after 
profuse  perspiration,  to  prevent  aches  and  pains  in 
the  limbs  of  Race  horses  after  severe  exertion  and  to 
strengthen  the  muscles  of  the  back  and  limbs. 

For  rubbing  down  Trotting,  Running  or  Carriage 
Horses  after  hard  work  in  exercise  or  Racing  it  is  in- 
valuable ;  and  no  trainer  should  be  without  it. 

For  all  purposes  this  Liniment  must  be  diluted  with 
water,  which  is  explained  on  the  label. 

Price  50  cents  per  quart  bottle.  Sold  by  all  Harness 
and  Drug  stores  and  sent  to  any  address  on  receipt  of 
price. 

Address 

Dr.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.R.C.V.S. 

119  WEST  56TH  SRTEET, 
NEW  YORK   CITY,  N.  Y. 


DR.  J.    M.    HEARD'S 

HOOF  LINIMENT. 

This  is  the  most  valuable  preparation  for 
the  preservation  of  the  natural  elasticity  of  the 
horn,  and  instead  of  extracting  the  moisture  as  most 
of  the  Hoof  Dressings  do,  this  prevents  all  evaporation; 
hence,  acts  to  prevent  Contracted  Feet,  Dry, 
Hard   and   Brittle   Horn,   Quarter   Cracks,   Etc. 

The  benefits  of  the  Hoof  Liniment  are  ex- 
plained  in   detail   on   page  155. 

Price   One   Dollar   per   quart    can. 

Sold  by  all  Harness  and  Drug  stores  and 
sent  to  any  address  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 
on  receipt   of   price. 

Address 

Dr.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.RX.V.S. 

119  WEST  56TH  SRTEET, 
NEW  YORK   CITY,  N.  Y. 


DR.  J.  M.  HEARD'S 

Golden  Healing  Powders 

Will  form  a  crust  or  scab  on  a  sore  in  less 
time  than  any  other  application,  and  makes  the  wound 
perfectly  aseptic  and  prevents  the  access  of  germs 
from   the   outside. 

Price   Twenty-Five   and  Fifty   Cents. 

For  sale  at  all  Harness  and  Drug  Stores 
and   sent  free   by  mail   on   receipt   of  price. 


DR.  J.  M.  HEARD'S 

Lotion  for  Moon  Eye. 

Stock  owners  who  reside  in  districts  where  this 
disease  is  common  should  always  keep  a  bottle  of  this 
Lotion  on  hand,  and  thereby  prevent  permanent  injury 
to  the  eye  and  often  total  loss  of  sight.  Its  use  will 
clear  off  the  white  scum  that  forms  on  the  eye,  better 
than  any  other  application. 

Price,  with  syringe,  One  Dollar. 

Sent  to  any  address  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada  on  receipt  of  price,  and  for  sale  at  all  Harness 
and  Drug  Stores. 

Address 

DR.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.  R.C.V.S. 

119  WEST    56TH   STREET, 

NEW   YORK   CITY,  N.   Y. 


DR.    HEARD'S 

Chart  for  Horse  Owners. 

Printed  on  stout  board  16  x  20  inches,  con- 
taining 26  engravings  with  accompanying  explanatory 
text,  arranged  to  be  hung  in  offices,  making  an 
artistic  and  instructive  decoration.  Will  be  mailed 
inside  a  suitable  mailing  tube  on  receipt  of  an 
application   accompanied  by   Ten   cents  in   stamps. 


HORSE  SHOEING,  PAST  &  PRESENT. 

In  preparation  and  will  be  issued  about 
March  1st.,  1894.  A  revised  and  enlarged  edition 
of  w  Horse  Shoeing,  Past  and  Present,"  will  be  well 
illustrated   and  bound  in   cloth. 

Price   Fifty   Cents. 

Sent  free  by  mail  on  receipt  of  price,  when  issued. 

Address 

DR.  J.  M.   HEARD,  M.  R.  C.V.S. 

119   WEST    56TH   STREET, 

NEW   YORK   CITY,    N.   Y. 


DR    J.  M.   HEARD'S 

Chart  for  Drug  Stores. 

This  chart  is  gotten  up  especially  for  Drug- 
gists, and  contains  a  Table  of  Animal  Diseases  and 
their  remedies  ;  with  a  Table  of  Medicines  and  their 
doses   for  the   Horse,   Ox   and  Dog. 

Printed  on  stout  cardboard  suitable  for  hanging 
in  Drug  Laboratories,  where  it  will  be  a  valuable 
reference  chart,  enabling  the  owner  to  correctly 
prescribe  for  common  animal  ailments  to  his  own 
profit   as  well   as   that   of   his   patrons. 

Sent  free  to  all  Drug  Stores  on  application  to 


DR.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.R.C.V.S. 

119   WEST    56TH   STREET, 
NEW   YORK   CITY,   N.  Y. 


How  to  Tell  tie  Age  of  tie  Horse 

By   DR.  J.  M.  HEARD,  M.  R.  C.  V.  5. 

ILLUSTRATED.  PRICE,     30  . 

SOLD    BY 

M.  T.  RICHARDSON, 

86  READE  STREET,  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


.     TESTIMONIALS     • 

"fHE  following  are  a  few  of  the  numerous  letters  that 
have  been  received  within  the  past  few  months: 
"  One  of  the  most  troublesome  things  we  have  had  to 
contend  with  for  several  years  has  been  the  bunches 
that  grow  on  the  limbs  of  horses  as  the  result  of  bruis- 
ing with  the  opposite  foot.  These  bunches  often  become 
hard  and  colloused  and  no  remedy  that  we  could  find 
or  that  the  veterinarians  could  suggest  seemed  to  be  of 
any  benefit  until  we  accidentally  came  across  your  Em- 
brocation, since  which  we  have  not  had  a  case  of  this 
kind  that  has  not  been  completely  cured  by  the  appli- 
cation of  your  Embrocation  as  directed.  I  can  there- 
fore recommend  it  in  the  highest  degree  for  all  pur- 
poses where  it  is  necessary  to  get  rid  of  either  tempo- 
rary or  chronic  enlargements." 

CHAS.  W.  DICKEL,  of  Dickers  Eiding  Academy, 

N.  Y.  City. 

"  I  have  used  your  Emrrocation  with  great  success. 
One  case  in  particular  I  wish  to  mention.  A  horse 
owned  by  Mr.  Ginter  the  large  cigarette  manufacturer, 
was  badly  affected  with  eczema;  he  broke  out  all  over 
in  large  abscesses  and  in  two  days  the  Embrocation  en- 
tirely killed  the  whole  thing,  and  in  two  weeks  the 
hair  had  grown  out  again  so  that  no  one  could  see  that 
there  had  been  anything  the  matter  with  him.  I 
would  not  be  without  it  at  any  cost." 
HEEBEET  CODD, 

Eichmond,  Va. 

"We  have  used  large  quantities  of  your  Magic  Colic 
Mixture  for  all  kinds  of  painful  diseases  of  the  bowels 
and  the  various  forms  of  colic  which  are  continually  oc- 
curring in  some  of  the  two  thousand  horses  of  our  es- 
tablishment and  I  have  always  found  it  a  very  efficient 
remedy. 

I.  HOUGH,  V.  S. 

3d  Ave.  E.  E.  Stables, 

New  York  City. 


TESTIMONIALS. 

"  We  have  used  a  number  of  bottles  of  your  American 
Embrocation  on  horses  with  sore  throats  and  various 
forms  of  lameness,  and  can  affirm,  without  hesitation, 
that  it  is  the  best  liniment  we  have  used  in  thirty  years 
experience.  Please  send  us  one  dozen  as  soon  as  possi- 
ble, as  we  cannot  do  without  it." 
J.  H.  WIRE, 
Supt.  of  Central  Park  Riding  Academy  Stables, 

New  York  City. 
"  I  have  had  several  cases  of  colic  in  horses  under 
my  charge  in  the  last  2  years  and  never  failed  to  cure 
it  in  a  very  short  time   with   a  bottle   of  your   Magic 
Mixture." 

T.  J.  ROEBUCK, 

'  West  Townsend,  Mass. 

"  I  have  used  your  American  Embrocation  on  several 
bad  cases  and  can  honestly  say  it  is  the  best  I  ever 
used,  and  it  will  surely  do  everything  you  claim  for  it." 
E.  T.  LANE, 
Supt.  of  Brooklyn  Riding  and  Driving  Club, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

"  One  of  Mr.  F.  S.  Kinney's  horses  was  last  week  at- 
tacked with  a  violent  colic  and  we  administered  a  bot- 
tle of  your  Magic  Colic  Mixture  which  brought  entire 
relief  in  a  few  minutes,  in  fact  its  action  was  so  prompt 
that  I  would  advise  every  horse  owner  to  keep  some  of 
the  Mixture  continually  on  hand  for  sudden  emergen- 
cies." 

W.  H.  MITCHELL,  Supt., 

Kinnelon,  Morris  Co.,  N.  J. 

"  I  have  used  your  Hoof  Liniment  und  Moon  Eye  Lo- 
tion for  some  years  past  and  they  are  the  best  prepara- 
tions that  I  have  ever  known  to  be  used  on  horses." 
MICHAEL  CLANCY, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

"  I  have  used  your  Dermal  Liniment  on  all  our  car- 
riage horses  to  rub  down  with  aft  er  coming  in  from 


TESTIMONIALS. 

work  every  day  during  the  past  summer  and  I  have 
not  had  a  shake  or  a  chill  or  a  particle  of  soreness  or 
lameness  during  all  the  time  that  it  has  been  used.  It 
is  also  a  good  cleansing  agent  and  makes  a  great  im- 
provement in  the  appearance  of  the  coat." 
F.  COOK,  Bellevue  Court, 

Newport,  R.  I. 
"It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  testify  to  the  excellence 
of  your  Embrocation.  With  such  a  large  number  of 
horses  as  I  have  under  my  charge  it  is  in  constant  use, 
and  believe  me,  I  would  not  be  without  it  if  its  cost 
were  double  what  it  is,  and  I  should  still  esteem  it  the 
cheapest  liniment  in  the  market." 

WILLIAM  MATHEWS, 

New  York  City. 
"  I  have  used  the  Embrocation  in  a  bad  case  of  chronic 
sprain  and  a  capped  hock,  and  I  never  saw  anything 
act  so  promptly  in  relieving  lameness  and  swelling  as  this 
Embrocation,  and  I  shall  certainly  recommend  it  to  all 
my  friends  who  have  the  care  of  valuable  trotters;  in 
fact,  I  wouldn't  be  without  it  if  the  cost  was  three  times 
as  high  as  it  is. 

WILLIAM  CURLEY, 

Supt.  Frank  Work's  Stable, 

New  York  City. 
"I  have  used  your  Healing  Lotion  for  the  healing  of 
strangles  sores  and  am  surprised  how  quick   they  heal 
up." 

MAURICE  McAULIFFE, 

Druid  Hill  Ave., 

Baltimore,  Md. 
"I  have  used  the  Embrocation  received  from  you  on 
several  cases  of  long  standing  lameness.  I  can  cheer- 
fully testify  to  the  great  benefit  that  our  horses  have  re- 
ceived from  its  use,  and  have  found  it  especially  bene- 
ficial in  shoulder  lameness." 

J.  BAUGHAN. 
Supt.  26th  Street  Stables, 

New  York  Transfer  Co. 


TESTIMONIALS. 

''About  two  months  ago  I  had  to  have  a  large  tumor 
removed  from  a  horse's  shoulder  and  after  the  tumor 
was  cut  out  there  was  a  hole  in  the  flesh  that  I  could 
easily  lay  my  fist  in  and  I  expected  it  would  take  at  least 
three  months  to  heal  it,  but  by  the  use,  twice  a  day, 
of  your  Healing  Lotion  it  was  entirely  closed  up  in  a 
month's  time." 

THOS.  CONATY, 
E.  52nd  Street,  New  York  City. 
"Last  summer  one  of  my  horses  had  a  large  abscess 
on  the  thigh,  which,  when  opened,  was  relieved  of  over 
a  quart  of  fluid.  I  used  your  Healing  Lotion  as  directed 
and  the  wound  healed  up  very  quickly  without  leaving 
any  swelling  or  other  bad  effects.  It  certainly  made  a 
wonderful  cure." 

W.  H.  ADAMS. 
Weaver  Ave., 
Newport,  K.  L 

"I  have  used  several  dozen  bottles  of  your  Embroca- 
tion, and  always  with  the  best  success." 

J.  PAESONS, 

New  York  City. 

"I  have  used  your  Embrocation  for  sore  throats  for  the 
past  6  years  and  always  with  success." 

FEANK  DUFFY, 
German  Street, 

Baltimore,  Md. 

"I  have  used  your  Embrocation  on  several  horses  with 
curb  and  found  that  it  takes  them  off  clean  in  every 
case,  and  I  recommend  it  as  being  the  most  valuable 
Liniment  in  the  market  for  horse  dealers." 

H.  W.  SWAN, 
Bourn  Street, 
Providence,  R.  I. 

"In  the  last  month  two  of  our  horses  have  had  bad  at- 
tacks of  colic  from  over  driving  and  standing  in  the  cold 
afterwards,  and  in  each  case  immediate  relief  from  the 
pain  followed  the  giving  of  a  bottle  of  your  Magic  Mix- 


TESTIMONIALS. 

tube.  It  is  the  greatest  remedy  for  colic  that  we  have 
ever  used,  and  everybody  who  owns  a  horse  should  al- 
ways have  a  bottle  on  hand." 

BROWN  &  EVANS, 
6th  Ave.,  New  York  City. 

"Having  used  your  Embrocation  for  pinkeye,  distem- 
per, and  sore  throats  in  green  horses  for  several  years 
past,  it  gives  me  pleasure  to  testify  to  its  very  bene- 
ficial effects  in  all  those  diseases.  I  also  use  it  continually 
for  sprains  and  bruises,  and  would  not  be  without  it  for 
a  good  deal." 

STRAUS  &  IMMEN, 
159  and  161  E.  24th  St.,  N.  Y. 

"I  have  used  the  two  dozen  bottles  of  Embrocation  with 
every  satisfaction.  In  cases  of  splint  in  their  infancy  I 
think  it  superior  to  any  imported  Embrocation." 

HERBERT  CODD, 

Richmond,  Va. 

"  I  have  used  your  Hoof  Liniment  for  the  past  four 
years,  and  have  always  found  that  its  use  keeps  the  horn 
naturally  moist  and  tough  and  makes  a  growth  of 
strong  horn  at  the  coronet.  It  is  far  ahead  of  anything 
that  I  have  ever  seen  used." 

JAMES  SKELLY, 
40  Tennison  Street, 

Boston,  Mass. 

"Your   Condition  Powders  I  have    always  found  to 
produce  a  fine  coat  and  create  a  good  appetite." 
GEORGE  DAWSON, 

St.  Paul  Street, 

Baltimore,  Md. 

"I  have  found  your  Condition  Powders  very  useful 
as  producers  of  good  appetite  after  any  weakening  dis- 
ease." 

WILLIAM  GILES, 

Clinton  Street, 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


TESTIMONIALS. 

"A  couple  of  weeks  ago  one  of  our  horses  got  kicked 
in  the  hip  and  it  made  quite  a  large  deep  wound  in 
through  the  skin  and  muscles.  I  used  your  Healing 
Lotion  on  it  twice  a  day,  as  directed,  and  now  it  has  all 
healed  up.  I  have  often  seen  similar  cases  take  two 
months  to  heal." 

JOHN  CASSON, 
W.  52nd  Street,  New  York  City. 
"  The  Worm  Powders  I  received  lately  have  fully  ac- 
complished the  extinction  of  the  worms  with  which  my 
horses  were  affected." 

ABNER  BAKER, 

Fall  River,  Mass. 
"  The  Hoof  Liniment    that  I   ordered  from  you  has 
grown  down  such  a  strong  hoof  that  there  is  now  no 
sign  of  the   quarter  crack  that  I  referred  to    in  my 
letter." 

THOS.  WILLIS, 

Lenox,  Mass. 

"  I  have  used  large  quantities  of  your  Hoof  Liniment 
and  Condition  Powders,  and  I  consider  them  to  be  the 
most  valuable  remedies,  and  they  should  be  universally 
used  by  stockowners." 

WILLIAM  MARTIN, 

Ledge  Road, 
Newport,  R.  I. 
"  I  have  used  your  Embrocation  and  Hoof  Liniment 
for  several  years  now,  and  they  both  are   exceedingly 
valuable  applications  for  general  use  in  many  diseases 
of  the  limbs  and  feet  of  horses." 

JAMES  COLBROUGH, 

Baltimore,  Md. 
"Please  send  me  another  dozen  Hoof  Liniment  soon, 
as  I  am  selling  it  right  along  since  the  carriage  teams 
are  returning  home  and  they  want  no  other  kind  after 
using  yours." 

W.  W.  ROBERTS, 

1810  Market  St., 

Philadelphia. 


WS&4. 


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Heard,   J. 


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BIOLOGY  LIBRARY 


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TEL  NO.  642-2531 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


NOV  -  8  1971 


NOV  8      1971  >3 


LD  21A-15m-2,'69 
(J6057sl0)476 — A-32 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


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